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Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Materials
von: R. Saravanan
Materials Research Forum LLC, 2018
ISBN: 9781945291517 , 182 Seiten
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 100,00 EUR
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front-matter
2
table of contents
6
1. Introduction
14
1.1 Objectives
16
1.2 Perovskites – An introduction
17
1.3 Literature review on lanthanum chromites and lanthanum manganites
19
1.3.1 Crystal structure of La(Cr/Mn)O3
19
1.3.2 Properties of La(Cr/Mn)O3
22
1.3.3 Applications of La(Cr/Mn)O3
22
1.4 Literature review on doped lanthanum chromites and lanthanum manganites
23
1.4.1 Properties of doped La(Cr/Mn)O3
23
1.4.2 Applications of doped La(Cr/Mn)O3
25
1.5 Preparation of manganite structure materials
28
1.5.1 Solid state reaction method
28
1.5.2 Synthesis
30
1.5.2.1 (Co, Mn) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Mnx)O3
30
1.5.2.2 (Co, Fe) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Fex)O3
32
1.5.2.3 (Co, Cu) doped (La, Ca) based chromites – (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Cux)O3
33
1.5.2.4 La1-xCaxMnO3 manganites
35
1.5.2.5 La1-xSrxMnO3 manganites
36
1.6 Characterization methods
37
1.6.1 Powder X-ray diffraction
37
1.6.2 UV-visible spectrophotometry
38
1.6.3 Scanning electron microscopy
39
1.6.4 Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
40
1.6.5 Vibrating sample magnetometry
41
1.7 Methodologies used for analysis
44
1.7.1 Structural determination using the Rietveld refinement technique
44
1.7.1.1 Peak shape
44
1.7.1.2 Peak width
45
1.7.1.3 Preferred orientation
45
1.7.1.4 Background function
46
1.7.1.5 Refinement procedure
46
1.7.1.6 Rietveld refinement with JANA 2006
47
1.7.2 Electron density distribution
47
1.7.3 Charge density derived from Fourier method
49
1.7.2.2 Maximum entropy method
50
1.7.2.3 Methodology for the determination of charge density
53
1.7.3 Optical band gap determination
53
1.7.4 Grain size determination
54
References
55
2. Results
61
2.1 Introduction
63
2.2 Structural characterization - Powder X-ray diffraction
63
2.2.1 (Co, Mn) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Mnx)O3
63
2.2.2 (Co, Fe) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Fex)O3
69
2.2.3 (Co, Cu) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Cux)O3
73
2.2.4 La1-xCaxMnO3 manganites
78
2.2.5 La1-xSrxMnO3 manganites
83
2.3 Morphological characterization and elemental confirmation - SEM/EDS
86
2.3.1 (Co, Mn) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Mnx)O3
87
2.3.2 (Co, Fe) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Fex)O3
88
2.3.3 (Co, Cu) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Cux)O3
90
2.3.4 La1-xCaxMnO3 manganites
92
2.3.5 La1-xSrxMnO3 manganites
94
2.4 Optical characterization - UV-visible absorption spectra
96
2.4.1 (Co, Mn) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Mnx)O3
96
2.4.2 (Co, Fe) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Fex)O3
97
2.4.3 (Co, Cu) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Cux)O3
99
2.4.4 La1-xCaxMnO3 manganites
101
2.4.5 La1-xSrxMnO3 manganites
103
2.5 Magnetic characterization – Vibrating sample magnetometry
105
2.5.1 (Co, Mn) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Mnx)O3
105
2.5.2 (Co, Fe) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Fex)O3
106
2.5.3 (Co, Cu) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Cux)O3
107
2.5.4 La1-xCaxMnO3 manganites
108
2.5.5 La1-xSrxMnO3 manganites
110
2.6 Charge density distribution studies by maximum entropy method
111
2.6.1 (Co, Mn) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Mnx)O3
111
2.6.2 (Co, Fe) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Fex)O3
119
2.6.3 (Co, Cu) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Cux)O3
126
2.6.4 La1-xCaxMnO3 manganites
133
2.6.5 La1-xSrxMnO3 manganites
138
References
143
3. Analysis of Results
144
3.1 Introduction
146
3.2 Synthesis of manganite structure materials
146
3.3.1 (Co, Mn) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Mnx)O3
147
3.3.2 (Co, Fe) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Fex)O3
148
3.3.3 (Co, Cu) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Cux)O3
149
3.3.4 La1-xCaxMnO3 manganites
150
3.3.5 La1-xSrxMnO3 manganites
151
3.4 Grain size analysis
153
3.5 Surface morphology and elemental analysis by SEM/EDS
155
3.5.1 (Co, Mn) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Mnx)O3
155
3.5.2 (Co, Fe) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Fex)O3
155
3.5.3 (Co, Cu) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Cux)O3
155
3.5.4 La1-xCaxMnO3 manganites
156
3.5.5 La1-xSrxMnO3 manganites
156
3.6 Optical band gap analysis by UV-visible absorption spectra
157
3.6.1 (Co, Mn) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Mnx)O3
158
3.6.2 (Co, Fe) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Fex)O3
158
3.6.3 (Co, Cu) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Cux)O3
158
3.6.4 La1-xCaxMnO3 manganites
158
3.6.5 La1-xSrxMnO3 manganites
159
3.7 Magnetic analysis by vibrating sample magnetometer measurements
159
3.7.1 (Co, Mn) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Mnx)O3
160
3.7.2 (Co, Fe) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Fex)O3
160
3.7.3 (Co, Cu) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Cux)O3
160
3.7.4 La1-xCaxMnO3 manganites
161
3.7.5 La1-xSrxMnO3 manganites
162
3.8 Charge density distribution analysis by maximum entropy method
164
3.8.1 (Co, Mn) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Mnx)O3
164
3.8.2 (Co, Fe) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Fex)O3
165
3.8.3 (Co, Cu) doped (La, Ca) based chromites - (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9-xCo0.1Cux)O3
166
3.8.4 La1-xCaxMnO3 manganites
0
3.8.5 La1-xSrxMnO3 manganites
170
References
171
4. Conclusion
175
4.1 Conclusion
175
a) Structural properties
176
b) Surface morphology and elemental compositions
177
c) Optical studies
178
d) Magnetic properties
178
e) Charge density distribution studies using MEM
179
back-matter
181