Emerging Wireless Communication and Network Technologies - Principle, Paradigm and Performance

Preface

Contents

About the Editors

Wireless Technology and Communications—Explorations & Trends

Advancement in Wireless Technologies and Networks

1 Introduction

1.1 Need for Advancement in Wireless Technologies

2 Emerging Trends and Research Direction for Wireless Technologies

2.1 Advancement in Technology Along with Existing Works

3 Results and Discussion

4 Conclusion

References

Cognitive Radio Network Technologies and Applications

1 Introduction

2 Network Architecture of Cognitive Radio Networks

3 Spectrum Sensing

3.1 Noncooperative Sensing

3.2 Cooperative Sensing

3.3 Interference-Based Sensing

3.4 Predicting Channel to Sense

4 Spectrum Decision

5 Spectrum Sharing

5.1 Spectrum Allocation in Centralized Interweave Cognitive Radio Network

6 Spectrum Mobility

7 Security Issues in Cognitive Radio Networks

8 Applications of Cognitive Radio Networks in LTE and Wi-Fi

8.1 LTE and Wi-Fi Coexistence

8.2 Wi-Fi and DSRC Coexistence

9 Conclusion

References

Emerging Trends in Vehicular Communication Networks

1 Introduction: Vehicular Communication Networks

2 Requirements for Next-Generation Vehicular Communication Networks

3 Enabling Radio Technologies for Next-Generation Vehicular Networks

3.1 Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC)

3.2 Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Cellular

3.3 Wi-Fi

3.4 Millimeter Wave Bands

3.5 Visible Light Bands

3.6 Satellite Communication

3.7 Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs)

4 Next-Generation Vehicular Architecture

4.1 Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol Design

4.2 Network and Routing Protocol Design

4.3 Transport Protocol Design

5 Knowledge Acquisition and Distribution in Vehicular Communication Networks

5.1 Knowledge Acquisition

5.2 How to Measure the Utility of Data

5.3 Knowledge Distribution

6 Emerging Protocols for Privacy Management and Secure Data Access Control in Vehicular Networks

6.1 Security Concerns in Vehicular Networks

6.2 Emerging Protection Mechanisms for Vehicular Networks

7 Conclusions

References

An Overview of 5G Technologies

1 Introduction

2 Evolution of Mobile Technologies from 1G to 5G

3 5G Trends, Targets, Requirements, and Challenges

3.1 5G Trends

3.2 5G Targets

3.3 5G Requirements

3.4 5G Challenges

4 5G Enabling Technologies

4.1 Massive MIMO

4.2 mmWave Massive MIMO

4.3 Cloud Radio Access Networks

4.4 D2D Communications

4.5 Ultradense Heterogeneous Networks

5 Conclusions

References

Design and Application for Reliable Cooperative Networks

1 Relaying Protocol for Collaborative Transmission in Cooperative Networks

1.1 The Fundamental of Relay Protocols

1.2 Calculation of End-to-End Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for Relaying Networks and System Performance Evaluation

1.3 Considerations on DF Scheme in Relaying Networks

2 Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer-Aware Relay

2.1 Policies for Wireless Power Transfer

2.2 Energy Harvesting in Relaying Network

2.3 Investigation on Energy Harvesting System Performance

3 Full-Duplex Cooperative Networks

3.1 An Architecture of Full-Duplex Energy Harvesting Network

3.2 Full-Duplex System Analysis

3.3 System Performance Analysis

4 Secure Communication Between Source and Destination via Untrusted Node

4.1 Secure Relaying Communication Model

4.2 Maximum Energy Harvesting (MEH) Protocol

5 MIMO Relaying Model and Challenges in Relaying Design

5.1 Wireless Powered Communication with Multi-antenna System

5.2 Challenges in Design of Cooperative Networks

6 Conclusion

References

Semantics for Delay-Tolerant Network (DTN)

1 Introduction

1.1 Significance of DTN

1.2 Features of DTN

1.3 Applications of DTN

2 DTN Architecture

2.1 System Architecture

2.2 Layer Architecture

3 Transmission in Delay-Tolerant Network

3.1 Contacts

3.2 Bundle Protocol

3.3 Custody Transfer

3.4 Flow and Congestion Control

3.5 Message Switching

4 Routing in Delay-Tolerant Network

4.1 Unicast Routing

4.2 Multicast Routing

4.3 Anycast Routing

4.4 Buffer Management

4.5 Performance Metrics

5 Security in Delay-Tolerant Network

5.1 Security Issues

5.2 Fragments Authentication

6 Delay-Tolerant Network and Vehicular Adhoc Netwwork

6.1 Overview of VANET Delay-Tolerant Networks

6.2 Characteristics of VDTN

6.3 DTN Protocols for VANET Delay-Tolerant Networks

7 Conclusions and Future Scope

References

Wireless Technology and Communications—Methodologies & Implementations

Architectural Building Protocols for Li-Fi (Light Fidelity)

1 Introduction

1.1 Visible Light Communication

1.2 Importance of VLC

1.3 Modes of Communication in VLC

2 Light Fidelity

2.1 Need of Li-Fi

2.2 Challenges for Li-Fi

2.3 Comparison of Li-Fi and Wi-Fi

2.4 Architecture of Li-Fi

2.5 Difference Between Photodiode and Image Sensor

2.6 Working of Li-Fi

3 Li-Fi Standardization and Its Integrated Communication Protocols Solution

3.1 OOK Modulation with Dimming

3.2 VPPM Modulation with Dimming

3.3 CSK Modulation with Dimming

3.4 Hybrid Li-Fi: Integrating Li-Fi with Wi-Fi

4 Conclusion and Future Scope

References

Infrastructure in Mobile Opportunistic Networks

1 Concept, Protocol and Architecture for Mobile Opportunistic Networks

1.1 Routing Protocols

2 Cooperative Framework for Building Opportunistic Networks

3 Recent Advances in Routing Methodologies

3.1 Challenges in Opportunistic Routing

4 Mobile Peer-to-Peer Content Dissemination Model in Load Balancing

5 Privacy and Forwarding Models in Mobile Opportunistic Networks

6 Concept for Pocket Switched Networks, Amorphous and Semantic Opportunistic Networks

6.1 Amorphous Opportunistic Networks

7 Future Research Trends in Mobile Opportunistic Networks

8 Conclusion

References

Generic Design and Advances in Wearable Sensor Technology

1 Introduction of Wearable Sensor-Based Systems—Design and Architecture

2 Challenges and Issue in Wearable Computing and Sensor Implications

3 Wireless Communication Standards Used in Wearable Technology

3.1 Short-Range Wireless Communication Standards for Wearable Sensors

3.2 Long-Range Wireless Communication Standards for Wearable Sensors

4 Design Antenna for Wearable Devices System

5 Inferences of Body Area Network System Architectures

5.1 Sensors Tire

5.2 Mobile Tire

5.3 Remote Server Tire

6 Wearable Sensor Based on Advanced Materials

6.1 Wearable Temperature Sensors

6.2 Wearable Strain Sensors

6.3 Wearable Devices for Sensing Change Through the Skin

6.4 Nanomaterials-Based Wearable Sensors

7 Power Harvesting for Wearable Devices System

7.1 Self-power Devices

7.2 Energy Harvesting from Heat of the Human Body

7.3 Rechargeable Micro-battery and Super-Capacitors for Energy Harvesting

7.4 Energy Harvesting from Electromagnetic Radio Frequency Spectrum

8 Use Case for Optics for Smart Glasses, Augmented Reality, and Virtual Reality Headsets

8.1 Augmented Reality Smart Glasses

8.2 Using Smart Glass in Surgical Education

8.3 Wearable Contact Lenses

9 Use Case in Health Monitoring and Prognosis

10 Conclusion

References

Realizing the Wireless Technology in Internet of Things (IoT)

1 Introduction of IoT with Emerging Wireless Technologies

1.1 Types of Communication Within the IoT and Challenges

1.2 Potential Applications

1.3 Privacy Hazards

2 Basic Elements for Forming IoT and Addressing the Issues Associated with It

2.1 Components of IoT

2.2 Application Protocols

2.3 Frequency Bands and Regulations

3 General Architecture and Factors Affecting IoT Centric Features

3.1 General Architecture and Reference Ones

3.2 IoT Key Performance Indicators

3.3 Security Threats and Countermeasures

4 Middleware Technology for Grooming IoT Essence

4.1 Middleware for Internet of Things: Challenges

4.2 Classification of IoT Middleware

4.3 Popular IoT Middleware

5 The Device-to-Device (D2D) Communications Protocol Stack

5.1 Device-to-Device (D2D) Communication Technologies

5.2 Characteristics of D2D Communication Within IoT

5.3 Existing Routing Algorithms and Protocols

6 Conclusions

References

Fast and Flexible Initial Uplink Synchronization for Long-Term Evolution

1 Background

1.1 Initial Uplink Synchronization (IUS)

1.2 Related Works

1.3 Emerging Challenges and Our Contributions

2 IUS Signal Representation

3 A Sparse Recovery Method

3.1 ell1 Optimization Strategy

3.2 Smoothed ell0 Norm Minimization isl0

4 Codebook Design

4.1 The Mutual Coherence

5 Zadoff–Chu Sequence Selection

5.1 Small CFO

5.2 Mitigating the Adverse Effects of CFO

6 Simulation Results

6.1 Performance Evaluation at Low CFO

6.2 Performance Evaluation at Larger CFO

7 Need of Advancement of IUS Algorithms for Future Wireless Communication

8 Conclusion

References

Wireless Technology and Communications—Advancement & Future Scope

Toward a “Green” Generation of Wireless Communications Systems

1 Introduction

2 RF Front-End Imperfection Models

2.1 Power Amplifier Nonlinear Distortion

2.2 Phase Noise

2.3 Analog-to-Digital Converter Quantization Noise

2.4 IQ Imbalances

2.5 Quantification of the RF Front-End Quality

3 Spectral Efficiency Using Full-Duplex

3.1 Self-interference Reduction Techniques: Antenna, RF, and Digital Cancelation with “Real-Life” Components

3.2 RF Imperfections on Full-Duplex Relays

3.3 Self-interference Channel Models

4 Massive MIMO Systems

4.1 Low Complexity RF Front-End Design

4.2 Power Efficiency and Linear Precoding Techniques

4.3 Numerical Evaluation

5 Summary of the Chapter

References

Security Attacks on Wireless Networks and Their Detection Techniques

1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction to Wireless Networking

1.2 Wireless Access Points

1.3 Advantages of Using Wireless Network

1.4 Communiqué Using Wireless Networks

1.5 Data Frames in Wireless Networking

2 Vulnerabilities in Wireless Network

2.1 Vulnerability Definition

2.2 Insecure Physical Location

2.3 Rogue Access Points

2.4 Physical Access Is Not Required

2.5 Inadequate Encryption and Decryption Standards

2.6 Unidentified Network Boundary

2.7 Insecure Wireless Network

3 Attacks in Wireless Network

3.1 Attack Definition

3.2 Attacks Classification in Wireless Networks

3.3 Denial-of-Service Attacks

3.4 Man-in-the-Middle Attacks

3.5 Wireless Cipher Attacks

3.6 Cryptocurrency Attacks

3.7 Accounts-Linked Attacks (Semantic Attacks)

3.8 Security Breaches

4 Wireless Defense Mechanism

4.1 Wireless Security Goals

4.2 Attack Detection Techniques

5 Conclusion

References

Spectrum Decision Mechanisms in Cognitive Radio Networks

1 Introduction

2 Spectrum Decision Overview

2.1 Spectrum Characterization

2.2 Spectrum Selection

2.3 CR Device Reconfiguration

2.4 Reinforcement Steps for Spectrum Decision

3 An Overview of Spectrum Decision Frameworks

3.1 Definition of Spectrum Decision Frameworks

3.2 Framework 1: A Spectrum Decision Framework for Cognitive Radio Networks

3.3 Framework 2: A QoS-Aware Framework for Available Spectrum Characterization and Decision in Cognitive Radio Networks

3.4 Framework 3: A Belief-Based Decision-Making Framework for Spectrum Selection in Cognitive Radio Networks

3.5 Framework 4: Reducing Spectrum Handoffs and Energy Switching Consumption of MADM-Based Decision in Cognitive Radio Networks

4 Discussion

4.1 Open Issues

4.2 Discussion of New Technologies in CRN

5 Conclusions

References

Vehicular Networks to Intelligent Transportation Systems

1 Introduction

2 Intelligent Transportation Systems

2.1 Architecture

2.2 Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

2.3 Integration with Other Networks

3 Infrastructure and Services

3.1 ITS Infrastructure

3.2 Traffic Prediction

3.3 Mobility and Traffic

4 Data and Security in ITS

4.1 Data Collection and Quality

4.2 Security

5 Conclusion

References

State Estimation and Anomaly Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks

1 Introduction

2 Statistical Models for State Estimation

2.1 Linear Mixed Model

2.2 Modelling the General Effect of Time

2.3 Modelling the Random Effects of Time

2.4 Joint Likelihood Function and Parameter Estimation

2.5 Detection of Anomalous Node

3 Numerical Studies

3.1 Simulation 1

3.2 Simulation 2

4 Conclusions and Future Work

References

Experimental Wireless Network Deployment of Software-Defined and Virtualized Networking in 5G Environments

1 Introduction

2 Mobility Management in 5G Networks

2.1 Software-Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualization as Key Enablers

2.2 The Role of Network Slicing

3 Points of Attachment Virtualization

3.1 Overview of Existing Works

3.2 Virtualization Approaches and Their Signalling

3.3 Virtual Wi-Fi Access Point Evaluation

4 Bringing User Context to the Cloud

4.1 Virtualizing the User Equipment

4.2 Mobile Node Virtualization Procedures

4.3 Proof-of-Concept Prototype Evaluation

5 The Impact of Virtualization in 5G Scenarios

5.1 Mobile Operator

5.2 Mobile-Edge Computing

5.3 Smart-Cities

6 Use Case Scenario in Wireless Testbed

6.1 Deployment and Signalling

6.2 Scenario Evaluation

7 Conclusions and Future Work

References