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Wireless Communications for Power Substations: RF Characterization and Modeling
von: Basile L. Agba, Fabien Sacuto, Minh Au, Fabrice Labeau, François Gagnon
Springer-Verlag, 2018
ISBN: 9783319913285 , 203 Seiten
Format: PDF, Online Lesen
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 139,09 EUR
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Foreword
7
Preface
9
Acknowledgments
12
About the Authors
13
Contents
16
1 Introduction
20
1.1 Motivation
20
1.2 Monograph Organization
22
1.3 Contributions
23
2 EMI and Wireless Communications in Power Substations
26
2.1 Introduction
26
2.2 Concept of EMI and Classification
26
2.2.1 Definition of EMI Sources
27
2.2.2 Natural Noise Sources
27
2.2.3 Man-Made Noise Sources
28
2.3 Electromagnetic Interference in Substations
28
2.3.1 Functions of Power Substations
28
2.3.2 Pieces of Equipment and Electrical Operations
29
2.3.2.1 Corona Effect
30
2.3.2.2 Partial Discharges
31
2.3.3 Early Impulsive Noise Measurements
32
2.3.4 Ionization Process and Electrical Discharge in Gases
32
2.3.5 Partial Discharges Mechanism
33
2.3.6 Measurements and Characterization of Partial Discharge Sources
35
2.3.6.1 Measurement Techniques
35
2.3.6.2 PD Currents Impulses
35
2.3.6.3 PD Electromagnetic Radiations
36
2.3.6.4 Characterization of PD Impulses
37
2.3.7 Partial Discharge Modeling
37
2.3.7.1 Physical PD Models
38
2.3.7.2 Statistical PD Models for Wireless Channels
38
2.4 Characterization and Impulsive Noise Models
40
2.4.1 A Statistical Characterization of Impulsive Noise
40
2.4.2 Impulsive Noise Models
41
2.4.3 Probability Models of Impulsive Noise
42
2.4.3.1 Memoryless Models
43
2.4.3.2 Impulsive Noise with Memory: Burst Noise
46
2.5 Wireless Communications in Substations
49
2.5.1 Communication Channels in Presence of Impulsive Noise
49
2.5.2 Wireless Technologies
50
2.5.3 Existing Systems for Wireless Communications in High Voltage Environment
50
2.6 Summary
52
3 Impulsive Noise Measurements
53
3.1 Objectives of the Measurement Campaign
54
3.2 Measurement Setup
54
3.2.1 Design of the Setup
55
3.2.2 Tests in Laboratory
56
3.2.3 Impulse Detection Method
58
3.3 Measurements in Substation 1
61
3.3.1 Substation Presentation
61
3.3.2 Locations of the Antenna
63
3.3.3 Results
64
3.4 Measurements in Substation 2
65
3.4.1 Substation Presentation
65
3.4.2 Locations of the Antenna
66
3.4.3 Results
66
3.5 Classification of Impulsive Noise Characteristics
67
3.5.1 Amplitude
67
3.5.2 Impulse Duration
68
3.5.3 Repetition Rate
70
3.5.4 Sample Value
70
3.5.5 Representative Characteristics
71
3.6 An Experimental Characterization of the Discharge Sources
71
3.6.1 Amplitude of Measured Signals
72
3.6.2 Signal Processing Tools for Impulsive Noise Measurement
72
3.6.2.1 The Denoising Process
72
3.6.2.2 Short-Time Analysis for Impulsive Signals
73
3.6.2.3 Temporal Location of an Impulse
74
3.6.3 Characterization Based on First-Order Statistics
75
3.6.3.1 PRPD Representation
76
3.6.3.2 Statistical Distribution of PD Characteristics
77
3.6.4 Characterization Based on Second-Order Statistics
77
3.6.4.1 Typical Waveform and Spectrogram
79
3.6.4.2 Power Spectral Density
81
3.6.4.3 Power Spectral Density of an Impulse
81
3.6.4.4 Average Power Spectral Density
81
3.7 Representative Parameters for Classic Impulsive Noise Models
83
3.7.1 Bernoulli-Gaussian Model
83
3.7.2 Middleton Class-A Model
83
3.8 Conclusion
85
4 A Physical Model of EMI Induced by a Partial Discharge Source
87
4.1 Introduction
87
4.2 The Partial Discharge Phenomenon
88
4.3 The Physical Model of Partial Discharge Source
89
4.3.1 Electric Field Stress
89
4.3.2 Discharge Process
91
4.3.3 Current and Charge Density
93
4.4 The Electromagnetic Radiation of the Interference Source Induced by Partial Discharge
93
4.4.1 Electric Dipole formulation
94
4.4.2 Power Radiation of the Interference Source Received at the Antenna
95
4.4.3 Modeling Impulsive Waveforms and PSD
96
4.4.4 Brief Summary of Interference Induced by DischargeSource
96
4.5 Experimental Characterization Process of the Interference Source
98
4.5.1 Definition of Characterization Metrics
98
4.5.2 Denoising Process
98
4.5.3 Short-Time Analysis Process
98
4.6 Experimental Validation
99
4.6.1 Brief Description of Measurement Setup
99
4.6.1.1 The Measurement Setup
99
4.6.1.2 PD Sources from Stator Bar
99
4.6.2 Simulation Setup
100
4.6.2.1 Calculation of the Electric Field Along the Surface
100
4.6.2.2 Discharge Process in Air Cavity Parameters
101
4.6.2.3 Stochastic Property of the Emitted Radiations of PD Sources
103
4.6.3 Simulation-Measurement Comparison
103
4.6.3.1 PRPD Comparison
103
4.6.3.2 Statistical Distributions Comparison
104
4.6.3.3 PSD and Waveforms of Impulses
107
4.7 Conclusion
108
5 Analysis and Modeling of Wideband RF Signals Induced by PD Using Second-Order Statistics
110
5.1 Introduction
110
5.1.1 Main Contribution and Organization
111
5.2 Measurement Setup
112
5.3 Conjectures and Mathematical Formulation of EM Waves
112
5.3.1 Second-Order Statistics
112
5.3.1.1 Time-Frequency Analysis
112
5.3.1.2 Autocorrelation Function
113
5.3.1.3 Results from the Measurement Campaigns
113
5.3.2 A Physical Interpretation
114
5.4 The Proposed Model
115
5.4.1 Theory of Filters and Its Relationship with Time Series Models
115
5.4.2 Definition of the Time Series Model
116
5.4.3 Tests for Unit Roots
117
5.4.4 Estimation and Selection
119
5.5 The Goodness-of-Fit
120
5.5.1 Analysis of the Residuals
120
5.5.1.1 Residuals of Fitted ARMA(7,2)
121
5.5.1.2 Residuals of Fitted ARMA(4,1)
122
5.5.2 Tests for Heteroskedasticity
123
5.5.3 Analysis of the Residuals of the Improved Models
125
5.5.4 Summary
129
5.6 Simulation and Results
130
5.6.1 Simulation Parameters
130
5.6.2 A Comparison of Measurement vs. Simulation Results
130
5.6.3 Analysis of Simulated Impulsive Waveforms
131
5.6.4 Advantages and Limitations of the Proposed Model
132
5.7 Conclusion
133
6 Wideband Statistical Model for Substation Impulsive Noise
136
6.1 Introduction to PMC Model
136
6.2 Impulsive System and Oscillations
139
6.3 Damping Effect
143
6.4 Transition Matrix
143
6.5 Parameter Estimation
147
6.5.1 Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm
147
6.6 Results
149
6.6.1 Divergence Between Measurements and Models
150
6.6.2 Spectrum Analysis
153
6.7 Representative Parameters for PMC Model in Wide Band
154
6.8 Conclusions
155
7 Impulsive Noise in a Poisson Field of Interferers in Substations
158
7.1 Introduction
158
7.2 A Mathematical Formulation of Multiple PD Interference Sources
159
7.2.1 Electromagnetic Radiations of Multiple PD Sources
159
7.2.1.1 The Emission of the PD Impulses
159
7.2.1.2 Basic Assumptions of Spatial and Temporal PD Events
160
7.2.2 Propagation of EM Waves Induced by PD Sources
160
7.2.2.1 The Noise Process Observed by the Receiver
161
7.2.2.2 A Generic Temporal Impulsive Waveform from PD
161
7.2.2.3 The Attenuation Factor
162
7.2.3 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of PD Sources
162
7.3 Statistical Analysis
164
7.3.1 Probability Density Function
164
7.3.2 Probability Distribution
168
7.3.3 Tails and Moments
168
7.3.3.1 Moments of ?-Stable Distributions
169
7.3.3.2 Moments of Shot-Noise Processes
169
7.3.4 A Summary of Important Findings
170
7.4 Experimental and Simulation Results
171
7.4.1 Measurements in Substations
171
7.4.2 A Procedure for Estimation
172
7.4.3 Measurement-Simulation Comparison
173
7.4.3.1 First-Order Statistics
173
7.4.3.2 Second-Order Statistics
175
7.5 A Rapid Identification of PD Sources Using Blind Source Separation
177
7.5.1 Motivation
178
7.5.2 System Model
178
7.5.3 Blind Source Separation via Generalized Eigenvalue Decomposition
180
7.5.4 Simulation and Results
181
7.6 Conclusion
183
8 Conclusions
185
8.1 Monograph Summary
185
8.2 On the Practical Use of the EMI Models
188
References
191
Index
201