Suche
Lesesoftware
Specials
Info / Kontakt
Orthopedic Biomaterials - Progress in Biology, Manufacturing, and Industry Perspectives
von: Bingyun Li, Thomas Webster
Springer-Verlag, 2018
ISBN: 9783319895420 , 495 Seiten
Format: PDF, Online Lesen
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 234,33 EUR
eBook anfordern
Mehr zum Inhalt
Orthopedic Biomaterials - Progress in Biology, Manufacturing, and Industry Perspectives
Preface
5
Contents
6
Part I: Design, Manufacturing, Assessment, and Applications
8
Nanotechnology for Orthopedic Applications: From Manufacturing Processes to Clinical Applications
9
1 Introduction
9
2 The Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
9
2.1 ECM Composition
10
2.2 The ECM as a Molecular Reservoir
10
2.3 Cell-ECM Interactions
11
2.4 Bone
13
2.4.1 Cortical Bone
13
2.4.2 Cancellous Bone
13
3 Tissue Engineering
14
3.1 Nanotechnology for Tissue Engineering
14
3.2 Control of Cell Functions Using Nanotechnology
16
3.3 Cell Sensitivity to Nanofeatures
17
3.4 Important Features of Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
17
3.5 Materials for Scaffold Construction
17
4 Unmet Clinical Need
18
4.1 Substrate Properties for Osseointegration
19
4.2 Substrate Properties to Resist Bacterial Infection
19
4.2.1 Shot Peened 316 L Stainless Steel
20
4.2.2 Electrophoretic Deposition
21
5 Conclusions
22
References
23
Additive Manufacturing of Orthopedic Implants
27
1 Introduction
27
2 Additive Manufacturing Techniques
28
2.1 Binder Jetting
29
2.2 Directed Energy Deposition (DED)
31
2.3 Powder Bed Fusion (PBF)
32
2.4 Material Extrusion
34
3 Additively Manufactured Biomaterials
35
3.1 Metallic Biomaterials
35
3.1.1 Stainless Steel
36
3.1.2 Co-Cr Alloys
37
3.1.3 Titanium Alloys
38
3.1.4 Tantalum
39
3.2 Other Biomaterials
39
3.2.1 PEEK
39
3.2.2 Ceramics
40
4 AM Design Considerations
41
4.1 Patient-Specific Design Procedures
43
4.2 Porosity
44
4.3 Clinical Applications
45
4.4 Patient Variability
45
4.5 Shoulder and Other Joint Replacements
46
4.6 Fracture Fixation
49
4.7 Large Bone Defects
52
4.8 Surgical Guides
53
4.9 Additional Clinical Examples
54
5 Summary
55
References
57
3D Printed Porous Bone Constructs
62
1 Introduction
62
2 3D Printing Techniques
63
3 Porous Materials for Cell Growth
65
4 3D Printing of Porous Ceramic Materials
65
5 3D Printing of Porous Metal Materials
67
6 3D Printing of Porous Polymer Materials
68
7 Conclusions
69
References
69
Biopolymer Based Interfacial Tissue Engineering for Arthritis
72
1 Introduction
72
2 Anatomy of Osteochondral Tissue Interface
73
3 Conventional Vs. Interfacial Tissue Engineering
75
4 Polymeric Biomaterials for Interfacial Tissue Engineering
78
5 Design Considerations for Interfacial Tissue Engineering
83
5.1 Stratified Scaffold Design
83
5.2 Gradient Scaffold Design
85
6 Present Clinical Status of Interfacial Tissue Engineering
87
7 Future Perspectives of Interfacial Tissue Engineering in Orthopedic Applications
87
8 Conclusion
88
References
88
Performance of Bore-Cone Taper Junctions on Explanted Total Knee Replacements with Modular Stem Extensions: Mechanical Disassembly and Corrosion Analysis of Two Designs
94
1 Introduction
94
2 Materials and Methods
96
2.1 Implant Retrieval and Archiving
96
2.2 Assessment of Surface Corrosion Area
98
2.3 Damage Mode Characterization
102
2.4 Data Analysis
105
3 Results
105
4 Discussion
109
4.1 Effects of Design and Modes of Corrosion
109
4.2 Effects of Patient Factors and Anatomical Location
110
4.3 Mechanical Disassembly and Surface Corrosion Area
110
4.4 Limitations
111
5 Conclusion
111
References
112
Wear Simulation Testing for Joint Implants
115
1 Introduction: Why Joint Simulator?
115
2 What Is a Joint Simulator?
116
3 Types of Joint Simulators
117
4 Current Wear Simulation Standards
120
5 The Achievement of Wear Simulation
121
6 The Limitation of Wear Simulation
122
7 Conclusions
123
References
124
Mechanical Stimulation Methods for Cartilage Tissue Engineering
126
1 Cartilage Anatomy
126
2 Cartilage as a Material
127
3 Cartilage Tissue Engineering
129
4 Dynamic Loading Scenarios for Mechanical Stimulation
132
4.1 Compression
132
4.1.1 Confined Compression
133
4.1.2 Unconfined Compression
133
4.1.3 Indentation
135
4.2 Tension
135
4.2.1 Uniaxial
135
4.2.2 Biaxial or Multiaxial
136
4.3 Shear
136
4.3.1 Hydrodynamic Shear
137
4.3.2 Mechanical Shear
137
4.4 Friction
138
4.5 Vibration
139
4.5.1 High-Frequency Ultrasonic Vibration
139
4.5.2 Lower-Frequency Mechanical Vibrations
139
5 General Drawbacks of Mechanical Stimulation
140
6 Mixed Mode Loading
142
6.1 Compression and Shear
143
6.2 Compression and Vibration
143
7 Future Directions
145
References
146
Mechanically Assisted Electrochemical Degradation of Alumina-TiC Composites
151
1 Introduction
151
2 Methods and Materials
154
2.1 Brushing Abrasion Setup
154
2.2 Sample Preparation
155
2.3 Electrochemical Measurements
156
2.4 Brushing Abrasion Testing
156
2.4.1 Effect of Brushing Acceleration and Speed
156
2.4.2 Effect of Temperature
157
2.4.3 Effect of Environment
157
2.5 Electrochemical Impedance Study
157
2.6 Surface Characterization
158
2.7 Chemical Analysis
158
3 Results and Discussion
159
3.1 Electrochemical Response to Brushing Abrasion
159
3.2 Surface Characterization
162
3.3 Chemical Analysis
165
3.4 Electrochemical Impedance Data Analysis
167
3.5 Understanding the Degradation Mechanism of Alumina-TiC Composite
169
4 Conclusions
171
References
171
Part II: Biology and Clinical and Industrial Perspectives
174
Biomaterials in Total Joint Arthroplasty
175
1 Introduction
175
2 Stability
177
3 Sterility
178
4 Survivability
179
5 Bearing Surfaces: Polyethylene
179
5.1 Polyethylene Then
179
5.2 Polyethylene Now
181
5.3 Polyethylene: Case Reports 1–4 (Figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6)
184
6 Bearing Surfaces: Metal
187
6.1 Metal Then
187
6.2 Metal Now
189
6.3 Metal on Metal: Case Report 5 and 6 (Figs. 7 and 8)
190
7 Bearing Surfaces: Ceramic
192
7.1 Ceramic Then
192
7.2 Ceramic Now
193
7.3 Ceramic: Case Report 7 (Fig. 9)
194
8 Conclusion
195
References
195
Modulating Innate Inflammatory Reactions in the Application of Orthopedic Biomaterials
199
1 Introduction
200
2 Inflammation and Immunomodulating Strategy
201
2.1 Innate Immune Response and Macrophages
201
2.2 Macrophage Polarization
202
2.3 Interaction Between Macrophages and Orthopedic Biomaterials
203
2.4 Modulation of Macrophage-Mediated Pro-Inflammatory Response
203
3 Sequential Modulation of Inflammatory Response for Optimal Bone Regeneration/Osseointegration
206
3.1 Essential Role of Acute Inflammation in Bone Regeneration
206
3.2 Transition of Macrophage Polarization Status for Optimal Bone Formation
207
4 Application of Immunomodulating Reagents on Orthopedic Biomaterials
208
4.1 Protein-Based Biomolecules
209
4.2 Nucleic Acid
209
4.3 Small Molecules
210
4.4 Cell-Based Therapy
211
5 Conclusion
211
References
212
Anti-Infection Technologies for Orthopedic Implants: Materials and Considerations for Commercial Development
219
1 Introduction
219
2 Working Theories of Implant Related Infection
220
3 Current Clinical Options
222
4 Biomaterial Strategies for Infection Prevention
222
4.1 Passive Surface Modification
223
4.1.1 Nanotopography
224
4.1.2 Photocatalytic Titanium Oxide
224
4.1.3 Covalently Bound Antimicrobials
225
4.2 Active Surface Modification
226
4.2.1 Antibiotic Bone Cement
226
4.2.2 Antibiotic Coated Implants
227
4.2.3 Bone Graft Substitutes with Antibiotics
228
4.2.4 Antimicrobial Silver Coatings
229
Silver Antimicrobial Mechanism of Action
229
Current Commercial Products with Antimicrobial Silver
229
Silver Coating Technologies in Development
230
Potential for Toxicity of Silver in Orthopedics
231
4.2.5 Antimicrobial Iodine Coatings
232
4.3 Perioperative Local Antibiotics
232
4.3.1 Direct Local Application of Antibiotics
232
4.3.2 Local Antibiotic Carriers
233
5 Regulatory and Commercial Considerations
234
5.1 Preclinical Data
234
5.2 Regulatory and Market Hurdles
235
6 Summary
236
References
236
Platelet Rich Plasma: Biology and Clinical Usage in Orthopedics
243
1 Introduction
243
2 Biology of Platelet Rich Plasma
244
2.1 What is PRP (PRP Definition)?
244
2.2 Principles for PRP Isolation and Classification
244
2.2.1 Principle for PRP Isolation
246
2.2.2 PRP Classification
247
2.3 Biologics of PRP
249
2.3.1 Platelet and Platelet Released Factors
250
Platelet Alpha Granules
251
Dense Granules
251
The Lambda Granules
252
Regulation of Platelet Secretion
252
2.3.2 Leukocytes
253
2.3.3 Red Blood Cells
253
2.3.4 Extracellular Vehicles (EVs)
254
3 Clinical Applications of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Orthopedics Surgery
255
3.1 Tendons
256
3.2 ligament
268
3.3 Cartilage
271
3.4 Muscle
276
3.5 Minimum Information for Studies Evaluating Biologics in Orthopedics (MIBO)
278
3.6 In Summary
279
References
279
Bioresorbable Materials for Orthopedic Applications (Lactide and Glycolide Based)
287
1 Introduction
287
2 Bioresorbable Polymers
290
2.1 Poly(glycolic acid) (PGA)
290
2.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
291
2.3 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)
293
2.4 Polycaprolactone (PCL)
293
2.5 Polydioxanone (PDO)
294
3 Bioresorbable Degradation
295
3.1 Factors Affecting Degradation
297
3.1.1 Inherent Polymer Factors
297
3.1.2 Secondary Ingredients
299
4 Mechanical Performance
299
4.1 Factors Affecting Mechanical Performance
300
4.2 Mechanical Enhancement via Additives.
301
4.3 Effect of Implant Design on Mechanical Performance
302
5 Bioactivity
303
5.1 Inorganic Additives
304
5.1.1 Calcium Phosphate Based
304
Hydroxyapatite (HA)
304
Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP)
305
Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP)
305
Calcium Sulfate
305
5.2 Other Additives
306
6 Biocompatibility
307
7 Processing and Fabrication
308
7.1 Material Effect on Pre-Processing and Processing
309
7.2 Conventional Processing Methods
310
7.2.1 Extrusion
310
7.2.2 Injection Molding
313
7.2.3 Compression Molding
315
7.3 Novel Methods (Additive Manufacturing)
316
7.3.1 Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)
316
7.3.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
318
7.4 Other Methods
320
7.4.1 Electrospinning
321
7.5 Effect of Post-Processing
322
7.5.1 Annealing
322
7.5.2 Sterilization
323
8 Current Applications
324
8.1 Craniomaxillofacial (CMF)
326
8.2 Sutures and Suture Anchors
327
8.3 Interference Screw
330
8.4 Distal Radius Plate
332
9 Regenerative Medicine
333
10 Conclusion
336
References
336
The Role of Polymer Additives in Enhancing the Response of Calcium Phosphate Cement
345
1 Introduction
345
2 Advantages of Calcium Phosphate Cement
347
3 Disadvantages of Calcium Phosphate Cement
348
4 Calcium Phosphate Applications
348
5 Calcium Phosphate Additives and Setting Time
349
5.1 Chitosan
350
5.2 Fibrin Glue
351
5.3 Gelatin
351
5.4 Collagen
352
5.5 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
352
6 Calcium Phosphate Additives: Material and Mechanical Properties
352
6.1 Natural Polymers
352
6.1.1 Alginate
353
6.1.2 Chitosan
353
6.2 Synthetic Polymers
354
6.2.1 Polyacrylic Acid
354
6.2.2 Polycaprolactone
354
6.2.3 Polylactic Acid (PLA)
355
6.2.4 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) Acid
356
6.3 Carbon Nanotubes, Clay Nanoparticles and Graphene
357
6.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes
357
6.3.2 Clay Nanoparticles
357
6.3.3 Halloysite Nanotubes
357
6.3.4 Laponite
358
6.3.5 Montmorillonite (MT)
359
6.3.6 Graphene
359
6.4 Natural Fibrous Material
360
6.4.1 Cellulose
360
6.4.2 Collagen
360
7 Calcium Phosphate: Injectability
360
8 Calcium Phosphate: Biological Response
361
8.1 CPC/Growth Factor/Polymer Composites for Cell Growth and Functionality
361
8.2 CPC/polymer Composites for Cell Encapsulation
363
8.3 Bioactive Glass and Silica Materials
365
8.3.1 Bioactive Glass
365
8.3.2 Silica Materials
365
8.4 Metal Nanoparticles
366
8.4.1 Copper and Zinc
366
8.4.2 Magnesium
366
8.4.3 Zirconia
367
9 Future Studies
367
References
368
Biological Fixation: The Role of Screw Surface Design
380
1 Introduction
380
2 History
382
3 A Brief Review of Common Orthopedic Materials
385
4 A Brief Overview of Peri-implant Bone Healing
386
5 How Topography Affects Anchorage of an Implant in Bone
388
5.1 Implant Surface Nanotopography
389
5.2 Implant Surface Microtopography
392
5.3 Implant Macrotopography and Geometry
393
6 Conclusion
395
References
396
Fracture Fixation Biomechanics and Biomaterials
400
1 Clinical Aspects
400
1.1 Introduction
400
1.2 Types of Implants
401
1.3 Anatomical Constraints
404
2 Fracture Healing Biology
405
2.1 Fracture Healing
405
2.2 Infection
408
3 Biomechanics
408
3.1 Implant Loading
408
3.2 Implant Stress and Failure
409
3.3 Fracture Gap Strain
411
3.4 Biomechanical Variables
413
4 Biomaterials
414
4.1 Stainless Steel Vs. Titanium alloys & Other Materials
414
4.2 Biocompatibility
414
4.3 Corrosion
415
5 Experimental and Computational Modeling of Fracture Fixation Mechanics
416
5.1 Experimental
417
5.2 Computational
418
6 Internal Plating
419
7 Intramedullary Nailing
421
8 Perspective
423
References
424
Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering: Recent Advances and Challenges
428
1 Introduction
428
2 Tissue Engineering
429
3 Bone
430
3.1 Structure and Composition of Bone
430
3.2 Types of Bone
430
4 Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering
431
4.1 Embryonic Stem Cells
431
4.2 Adult Stem Cells
432
4.3 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
432
5 Scaffold
432
6 Scaffold Fabrication Techniques
433
6.1 Particulate-Leaching Technique
434
6.2 Gas Foaming
434
6.3 Lyophilization
434
6.3.1 Solid-Liquid Phase Separation
434
6.3.2 Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation
435
6.4 Electro-Spinning
435
6.5 Solid Freeform Fabrication Technique (SFFT)
436
7 Structural Design
437
7.1 Porosity
437
7.2 Pore Size
437
8 Mechanical Properties
438
9 Composite Scaffold Material
439
9.1 Synthetic Biopolymer/CaP Composite Scaffold
440
9.2 Natural Biopolymer/Bioactive Ceramic Based Composite
441
10 Challenges and Opportunities
444
10.1 Mechanical Integrity of Porous Scaffolds
444
10.2 In vitro Degradation
445
10.3 In vitro and In vivo Characterization
445
11 Discussion and Future Aspects
445
References
446
Progress of Bioceramic and Bioglass Bone Scaffolds for Load-Bearing Applications
452
1 Introduction
452
2 Design Concepts
453
2.1 Microstructure Design: Micropore Size, Microporosity, Grain Size/Morphology and Second Phase
454
2.1.1 Pore Size
454
2.1.2 Porosity
456
2.1.3 Grain Size and Morphology
459
2.1.4 Second Phase Teinforcement
459
2.2 Macrostructure Design: Macropore Shape, Pore size, Macroporosity and Pore Connecting Part Width
460
2.2.1 Pore Shape
460
2.2.2 Pore Size and Pore Connecting Part Width
462
2.2.3 Macroporosity
463
3 Manufacturing Methods
463
3.1 3D printing
464
3.2 Freeze Casting
468
3.3 Slip Casting (Polymer Template Burn-Out)
471
3.4 Thermally Bonding of Particles
472
4 In Vitro Characterization of Load-Bearing Capacity
473
5 In Vivo Assessment via Load Bearing Bone Defect Model
478
6 Bioinspiration Design and Future Perspectives
479
References
480
Index
486