Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions - An Interdisciplinary Approach

Preface

Organization

Organizing Committee

Advisory Committee

Scientific Committee (Reviewers Panel)

Conference Secretariat

Program Committee

Contents

Keynotes

An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Seismic Assessment of Built Cultural Heritage: Case Studies in Lisbon and Outskirts

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Masonry Residential Buildings in Lisbon

2.1 Buildings Description

2.2 Seismic Fragility Functions

3 Sintra National Palace

3.1 The Palace and Its History

3.2 Structural Survey and Experimental Campaign

3.3 Structural Analyses

3.3.1 Ambient Vibration Tests

3.3.2 Nonlinear Static Analyses

4 Final Comments

Acknowledgments

References

Vulnerability Evaluation of Historical Masonry Structures: Italian Churches and Towers

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Churches: Application in Real Case Studies

3 Towers: An Effective Approach to Estimate Vulnerability

4 Conclusions

References

Understanding Fire Safety of Historical Buildings

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The Fire Safety Strategy

2.1 Current Approach

2.2 Historic Buildings

3 Example – Smoke Management for the Bastions Building University of Geneva

3.1 Brief Description of the Building

3.2 Proposed Compliant Solution

3.3 Alternative Approach to Smoke Management

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

It Always Takes a Village: Preserving Earthen Sites

Abstract

1 Earthen Architecture – A Universal Way of Construction

1.1 A Community Based Adaptable Construction and Maintenance System

2 The Work of the Getty Conservation Institute

3 Research on Earthen Conservation at the GCI

3.1 Professional Exchange

4 Projects for the Conservation of Earthen Sites

4.1 The Seismic Retrofitting Project

4.2 The Conservation and Rehabilitation of Kasbah Taourirt

5 Training on the Conservation of Earthen Sites

5.1 The International Course on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture

5.2 The SRP Workshops

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

History of Construction and Building Technology

House on a Bunker by Architect R. Romke de Vries: From Military Accommodation to Residential Refinement

Abstract

1 Introduction

1.1 Architect R. Romke de Vries (1908–1997)

1.2 Traces of the Atlantic Wall in the Hague

1.3 House on the Bunker

2 Methodology

3 Post-war Heritage Issues

3.1 Historical Layout, Construction Principles, Materials and Colours

3.2 Vision and Ambition

4 Restoration and Conservation Options

4.1 Phased Approach

4.2 Technical Upgrade

4.2.1 Piping System

4.2.2 Concrete Restoration

4.2.3 Steel and Metalwork

4.2.4 Thermal Insulation

4.3 Interior Restoration

5 Conclusions

References

The Structural Function of Cross Beams During Vault Construction in the Maya Palace of the Governor at Uxmal, Yucatan

Abstract

1 Introduction and Objectives

2 Methodology

2.1 Finite Element Model

2.2 Rigid Block Equilibrium

3 Results

3.1 Construction Stage 1 – Half Vaults Completed but not Joined

3.2 Construction Stage 2 – Half Vaults Joined at the Top

3.3 Construction Stage 3 – External Façade Inserted

4 Discussion and Conclusions

References

Deformation Process of Romanesque Masonry Constructions: The Case of Vall d’Aran Churches

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Aim of the Research

3 Selected Churches

4 Method

5 Results

6 Conclusion

References

A Double Dome Through the Ages

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 History of Planning for Shah Mosque

3 Geometry and Morphology of the Dome

3.1 Hybrid Double Dome (HDD)

3.2 Building Components

3.2.1 Domes

3.2.2 Walls

3.2.3 Wooden Elements

4 Building Techniques and Construction Process

5 Conservation History of Shah Mosque’s Dome

6 Discussion and Analysis of Crack Pattern

7 Conclusion

References

Construction and Building Technology in Sanctuary of Roman Settlement Aquae Iasae with the Review of Conservation Works on the Site

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Sanctuary Area

2.1 Building Phases in Aquae Iasae Sanctuary

2.2 Sacred Spring

3 Management of Heritage Structures and Conservation Strategies

4 Conclusions

References

Early Iron Roofs in Belgian Churches (1845–60)

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Intellectual Interest in the Use of Iron in Young Belgium

3 Early Iron Roofs in Churches: Three Belgian Case Studies

3.1 Transition to Iron Trusses: St. Joseph’s Church in Brussels (1842–49)

3.2 Improvement of Iron Trusses: St. George’s Church in Antwerp (1847–53)

3.3 Optimisation of Iron Trusses: St. Anne’s Church in Ghent (1853–62)

4 International Network

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Lightweight Structures and Conservation - Engineering and Architectural Perspective

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Conservation in the Modern Era and Lightweight Structures

2.1 Light Structures in the Modern Era - General

3 Lightweight Structures - General Background

3.1 Lightweight Structures - General

3.2 Lightweight Structures and Nature

4 Historical Background – Lightweight Structures

4.1 General

4.2 Lightweight Structures Along History

4.3 Lightweight Structures Nowadays

5 Lightweight Structures and Conservation – Engineering and Architecture

5.1 Lightweight Structures and Conservation – General

5.2 Lightweight Structures as Heritage Buildings – Old Lightweight Structures

5.3 New Lightweight Structures Integrated in Historical and Old-Heavyweight Buildings

5.4 Lightweight Strengthening Intervention in Old-Heavyweight Historic Buildings

5.5 Light Structures Theory as a Vital Knowledge for Understanding Heavyweight Traditional Structures

5.6 Light Structures Philosophy as a Didactic Tool in Conservation Studies and Other Aspects

6 Conclusions

References

Mid-20th Century Colombian Vaults. A Contemporary Tradition

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Masonry Vaults

2.1 Tile Vaults in Colombia

2.2 The Casa Pizano

3 Concrete Shells

3.1 Precast Concrete. The Patents of Vacuum Concrete

3.2 The Quiroga Neighbourhood

4 Variants on Reinforced Ceramics

4.1 From Reinforced Ceramics to the Hat Brick

4.2 The Casa Gaitán Cortés

5 Antecedents and Consequents of the Colombian Vaults of the 50’s

6 Conclusions

References

Building Techniques and Structural Damage of Historical Constructions Detected Through the Point Cloud Survey

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Methodology: Advantages and Criticalities of the Laser Scanning Technique

3 The Laser Scanning Technique Applied to a Medieval Building

3.1 Unsolved Historiographical and Conservation Issues

3.2 Focusing onto the Building Techniques

3.3 Detection of the Structural Problems

4 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Analysis and Proposal to Retrofit the Traditional Construction Systems (Earth) of the Former San José School, Cuenca, Ecuador

Abstract

1 Introduction

1.1 Main Traditional Materials and Construction Systems Used in the City of Cuenca

1.1.1 Bahareque

1.1.2 Adobe

1.1.3 Clay Brick

1.1.4 Wooden Elements for Roofs, Portals and Mezzanines

1.2 The Influence of the Builder Johannes Stiehle on the Construction Systems Used in the Architecture of Cuenca and the Former San José School

2 Methodology

2.1 Application of the Assessment and Diagnosis Card

2.2 Prospecting

3 Results

3.1 Emerging Actions Plan and Proposal to Reinforce the Traditional Construction Systems

3.1.1 Adobe Walls

3.1.2 Clay Brick Walls

3.1.3 Bahareque Walls

4 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Iron Ties Originally Anchored into Masonry as a Historical Construction Technology – Case Study: A Church in Cyprus

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Historical Review

3 Use of Tie-Rods in Cyprus

3.1 Social and Historical Background

3.2 Buildings with Embedded Iron Tie-Rods

4 Function of the Tie-Rods

4.1 Seismic Response of ‘Panagia Faneromeni’, A Case Study from Cyprus

4.2 Anchorage

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Learning from Regional Architecture: Sustainable Solutions in Traditional Portuguese Houses

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The Influence of the Atlantic Climate as Unifying Factor of the Popular Architecture of the North Region of Portugal

2.1 Fundamental Type of Villages and Vernacular Houses

3 Conclusion

References

Innovative Stone Vaults in Dalmatia in Antiquity and Renaissance

Abstract

1 Introduction: Tradition of Constructing in Stone in Dalmatia

2 The Vaults of the Emperor Diocletian’s Palace

2.1 Vault of the Temple of Jupiter: Assembling of Stone Elements

2.2 Influence of the Vault of the Temple of Jupiter: Two Coffered Barrel Vaults in Trogir

3 The Vaults of the Šibenik Cathedral

3.1 Specific Structural Behavior

3.2 Details of the Vaults of the Šibenik Cathedral

4 New Hypothesis on the Origin of the Details of the Vault of the Šibenik Cathedral

Acknowledgments

References

The Structure of Gothic Architecture in Evolving Contexts – The Case of “Bombay Gothic”, India

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

3 The Context

3.1 Climate and Socio Economic

3.2 Socio-Cultural/Stylistic/Colonial

4 Incorporation of Indian Elements and Corresponding Stylistic Modifications

4.1 Structural Modifications

4.1.1 The Dome

4.1.2 The Arch

4.1.3 Wood and Lime Concrete Roofing

4.2 Materiality of Structure and Adaptation to Context

4.2.1 Massiveness as a Function of Psychological Perception of Size

5 Conclusions

References

Comparison of Erudite and Popular Timber Historical Buildings in the Former Erechim Colony, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Abstract

1 The Erechim Colony

2 Methodological Procedures

3 Two Construction Models – On Erudite and Popular Architecture – A Literature Review

4 The Popular House of the Immigrants and the Official Architecture

4.1 Houses Built by the Immigrants

4.2 The Official Architecture

5 Analysis of Stylistic Influences

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

The Structural Technology and Architecture of Timber Bridges in Song Dynasty Paintings

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The Structural Classification of Timber Bridges in Song Dynasty

2.1 Timber Beam Bridge

2.1.1 Simply Supported Beam Bridge

2.1.2 Continuous Simply Supported Beam Bridge

2.1.3 Stretch Beam Bridge

2.2 Timber Arch Bridge

3 The Architectural Artistry of Timber Covered Bridges

3.1 Artistry of Surrounding Landscapes

3.2 Ornamentation

4 Conclusion

References

The Imperial Record Office in Delhi: An Architectural Paradox

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Beyond Representation of ‘Style’

2.1 Existing Views on Architecture of Imperial Delhi

2.2 The Building as a Source of ‘Knowledge’

3 ‘Systems’ of Design and Construction

3.1 Visual-Spatial Organization Synthesizing Classical and Modern

3.1.1 Architectural Composition – The ‘Taxis’, Tripartition and Ratios

3.1.2 Elements and Arrangement – The ‘Genera’ and ‘Symmetry’

3.1.3 Spatial Organization According to Function

3.2 Structure and Construction Systems

3.2.1 Structural Composite of Load Bearing and Framed Systems

3.2.2 Materials and Elements of Construction

3.3 Understanding the Paradox

4 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Concrete Thin Shells in the Sixties. Construction and Long-Term Behaviour

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Capturing the Incalculable

2.1 Heinz Isler and “Form Finding”

2.2 Deitingen Süd Service Station (1968–1969)

2.3 Long Term Behavior and Preservation

3 Building with Air

3.1 Dante Bini and Bini Shells System

3.2 Thin Concrete Shells in Sardinia (Italy)

3.3 Long Term Behavior and Preservation

4 Concluding Remarks

References

Chechen Medieval Towers-Obelisks to the Issue of Architectural Form Interpretation

Abstract

1 Background

2 Towers with a Pyramidal-Stepped Roof

2.1 Description

2.2 Structure and Functional Features

3 The Main Hypothesis

4 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

The First Industrial Period: A Forgotten Period in Brazilian Construction History

Abstract

1 Introduction – Context

2 The Influence of Brazilian Modern Architecture Movement

3 The 19th Century: The Influence of the First Industrial Revolution on Brazilian Construction

3.1 Belo Horizonte: The Capital of a New Way to Construct

4 The 20th Century: The Influence of the 2nd Industrial Revolution on Brazilian Construction

5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Conservation and Restoration on Cement-Based Renders of Built Heritage in Shanghai, PR China

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Cement-Based Renders in Shanghai

2.1 History of Cement in Shanghai in Brief

2.2 Main Types of Cement-Based Renders in Shanghai

3 Conservation and Restoration

3.1 Guidelines and Codes of Practices

3.2 Defects

3.3 Specific Techniques for Restoration

4 Case Study

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Traditional Wall Construction Technology of the Ottoman Empire in Relation to the Seismic Resistance of Bath Structures in the Marmara Region

Abstract

1 Seismicity of the Marmara Region

2 Types of Masonry Wall Construction in the Ottoman Empire

2.1 Cut Stone Wall Construction

2.2 Rough Cut Stone Construction

2.3 Rubble Stone Wall Construction

2.4 Brick and Stone ‘alma??k’ Wall Construction

3 Case Studies: Bath Structures Masonry Wall Construction in the Marmara Region in Relation to Seismic Resistance

4 Conclusion

References

Back to the Past – The History and Current Modernisations of Kleinische Decke Ceiling

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Case Study

3 Static and Strength Calculations

4 Conclusions

References

Historic Evolution of the Temple of San Pedro and San Pablo de Zepita, and the Origins of the Structural Faults

Abstract

1 Location of the Temple

2 Structural Layout of the Temple

3 Characteristics of the Construction

4 Historical Evolution of the Construction

4.1 Historical Chronology

4.2 Evidence of the Evolution of Construction [3]

4.3 Hypothesis of the Evolution of Construction (Figs. 10, 11, 12 and 13)

5 Structural Faults

6 Summary of Structural Faults from the Evolution of the Construction

7 Conclusions

References

Stone Masonry with Brick Stripe Courses: Study on a Historical Building Technique Diffused in Brianza District

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Local Resources and Buildings Techniques

2.1 Main Building Techniques Diffused in Subalpine Region

2.2 Overview of the Building Techniques Observed in Vimercate Context

2.3 Structural Performances Issues

3 The Investigated Sample

4 Discussion

5 Conclusions

References

Megalithic Shelters in Vale de Poldros, Portugal. The Cardenhas

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Origins, Typologies and Evolution of the Cardenhas

3 From Cardenhas to the Traditional Rural House

4 Conclusion

References

New Technologies and Techniques

Connected Semantic Concepts as a Base for Optimal Recording and Computer-Based Modelling of Cultural Heritage Objects

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 State of the Art

3 Approach

3.1 Methodology

3.2 Data Set and Its Semantic Description

3.3 Application Case

4 Outcomes

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Semi-automated Creation of Accurate FE Meshes of Heritage Masonry Walls from Point Cloud Data

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Background

3 Related Work

4 Methodology

4.1 FE Mesh

4.2 Crack Extraction

5 Experiments

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Numerical Modeling of Single Tube-Jack and Flat-Jack Tests in an Unreinforced Masonry Wall with a Regular Typology

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Model Preparation, Analysis, and Processing

2.1 Geometry, Material and Element Properties, and Meshing

2.2 Boundary Conditions and Loading

2.3 Phased Analysis

2.4 Post-processing

3 Single Tube-Jack Test

4 Single Flat-Jack Test

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

The Strength of Wooden (Timber)-Glass Beams Combined with the Polyurethane Adhesive - DIC and Finite Element Analysis

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Small-Scale Shear Tests on the Timber-Glass Joint Made of Polyurethane PS

3 Research on Composite Timber-Glass Beams with Polyurethane PS Adhesive

3.1 Set up of Tests

3.2 Results and Discussion

4 Composite Timber-Glass Beams Numerical Tests

5 Conclusions

References

On the Use of Sound Spectral Analysis for the In Situ Assessment of Structural Timber

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Timber Specimens

2.2 Microphones

2.3 Sound Analysis Software

2.4 Testing Procedure

2.4.1 Static Testing, MC and Density Determination

2.4.2 Dynamic Testing

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Static Testing

3.2 Investigated Parameters

3.2.1 Impact Tool

3.2.2 Microphone Distance

3.2.3 Boundary Conditions

3.3 Comparison Between Sound Specimens and Decayed Specimens

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Application of Digital Close-Range Photogrammetry to the Modeling of Heritage Structural Elements for Its Analysis by FEM

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

2.1 Survey

2.2 Photogrammetric Models

2.2.1 Creation of Models

2.2.2 Scale and Correction

2.3 Finite Element Method Models

3 Results

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Parameterization of Structural Faults in Large Historical Constructions for Further Structural Modelling Thanks to Laser Scanning Technology and Computer Vision Algorithms

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The Medieval Wall of Guimarães

3 Laser Scanning Survey

3.1 Laser Scanning Technology

3.2 Survey of the Medieval Wall of Guimarães

3.3 Point Cloud Pre-processing

4 Results: Dimensional Analysis

4.1 Automated Processing

4.1.1 Ground Extraction

4.1.2 Point Cloud Rotation

4.1.3 Damage Detection: Transverse Opening of the Walls

4.2 Structural Diagnosis

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Stop-Splayed Scarf-Joint Reinforcement with Timber Pegs Behaviour

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Experimental Program on Fir Stop-Splayed Scarf Joint Samples

2.1 Tensile Test Settings

2.2 Experimental Results

2.3 Results: Analysis and Discussion

3 Comparison with Analytical Results

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of Ancient Masonry from a Non-destructive Method In Situ

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Theory

3 Methodology

4 The Case Study: Temple of San Antonio de Padua

5 Application of the Obtained Results in a Numerical Model

6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Developing Solutions Based on Shape Memory Alloys for Historical Constructions

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Device Concept

3 Thermal Tests

3.1 Material Properties

3.2 Testing Program and Sensor Set up

3.3 Results

4 Shaking Table Tests

4.1 Testing Model

4.2 Test Apparatus and Sensor Set up

4.3 Experimental Program

4.4 Results

5 Case Study

5.1 Aim of Intervention

5.2 Dimensioning and Installation

6 Conclusions

References

Historic Digital Survey: Reality Capture and Automatic Data Processing for the Interpretation and Analysis of Historic Architectural Rubble Masonry

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Stone Segmentation and Labelling

3 Parameters Extraction

3.1 Stone Face Contour

3.2 Stone Face Profile

3.3 Stone Face Colour

4 Experimental Results

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Study of Early Age Stiffness Development in Lime–Cement Blended Mortars

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Research Program

2.1 Materials

2.2 Mortar Compositions

2.3 EMM-ARM

2.4 Unconfined Cyclic Compression Test [Static Modulus of Elasticity]

3 Results

3.1 Stiffness Evolution of Blended Mortars

3.2 Examining the Feasibility of EMM-ARM for Blended Mortars

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Evaluation of a Rope Mesh Reinforcement System for Adobe Dwellings in Seismic Areas

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Rope Mesh Reinforcement System for One-Storey Earthen Houses

3 Calculation of Maximum Forces at the Reinforcement Systems

4 Proposed Design Procedure

5 Experimental Validation

6 Conclusions

References

Comparison of the Degree of Consolidation of Historic Plaster Layers by Means of Lime Hydrate Nanosuspensions

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Verification of the Deposition Rate of Consolidating Agents Using Scanning Microscopy

2.2 Results on the Degree of Plaster Consolidation with Nanosuspensions

2.3 “Scotch Tape” Peeling Test

2.4 Results on Subsurface Adhesion Measurement Using “Scotch Tape” Peeling Test

3 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Study on Carbonation Initiated by Organics in Traditional Lime Mortar

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Experiment

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Phenolphthalein Test

3.2 Xrd

3.3 TGA and DTA

4 Conclusions

References

Virtual Reality for the Enhancement of Structural Health Monitoring Experiences in Historical Constructions

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Case Study and Description of the Experimental Program

2.1 Fieldwork

2.1.1 Photogrammetry

2.1.2 Research Project Information

2.2 Laboratory Work

2.2.1 Development of 3D Models

2.2.2 Development of the Virtual Environment

2.2.3 Development of the Virtual Reality Program

3 Tests and Results

4 Conclusions

References

Classification of Hardened Cement and Lime Mortar Using Short-Wave Infrared Spectrometry Data

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Background

3 Materials and Methods

3.1 Sample preparation

3.2 Equipment (SWIR Spectrometry)

3.3 Data Analysis

4 Results

5 Discussion

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Improvements of the Ultrasonic Tomography for Applications to Historical Masonry Constructions

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Acoustic Tomography: Theoretical Background

2.1 Amplitude Tomography

2.2 Inversion Algorithms

3 Proposed Improvements

3.1 Standardized Amplitude Tomography

3.1.1 The Experimental Tool

3.1.2 The Amplitude Propagation Model

3.2 Inversion Algorithm

4 Experimental Validation

5 Application of the Amplitude Tomography to a Masonry Pillar

6 Conclusions

References

Correlation Between Sonic and Mechanical Test Results on Stone Masonry Walls

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

2.1 Uniaxial Compression Test

2.2 Sonic Test

3 Results

3.1 Uniaxial Compression Tests

3.2 Sonic Tests

3.3 Correlation Between Sonic and Mechanical Test Results

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Geometric and Radiometric Analysis of TLS Point Clouds to Diagnose the Conservation State of Historical Constructions. Case of Study in the Master Gate of San Francisco, Almeida, Portugal

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Case Study

3 Materials and Methods

3.1 Equipment

3.2 Pre-processing

3.3 Radiometric Strategy

3.3.1 TLS Radiometric Calibration

3.3.2 Incidence Angle Affectation

3.3.3 Point Cloud Classification

3.4 Geometric Strategy

4 Experimental Results

4.1 Radiometric Results

4.1.1 TLS Intensity in Reflectance Values

4.1.2 Classified Point Cloud

4.1.3 Classification, Validation and Damages Detection

4.2 Geometric Results

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Diagonal Compression Behaviour of Masonry Walls Reinforced with FRM Coatings

Abstract

1 Description of the Work

1.1 Characterization of the Materials

1.2 Execution of the Diagonal Compression Tests

2 Interpretation of the Observed Behaviour

3 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Preliminary Methodology for the Integration of Lean Construction, BIM and Virtual Reality in the Planning Phase of Structural Intervention in Heritage Structures

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Lean Construction and New Project Management Technologies

2.1 The Role of Lean on Project Management

2.2 The New Technologies for Historical Buildings

2.3 Choosing by Advantages (CBA)

3 Methodology Structural Intervention of a Heritage Building

4 Validation Case Study

4.1 Description

4.2 Results

5 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research

Acknowledgements

References

Inspection, Non-destructive and Laboratory Testing

Enhancement of the Identification of Historical Timber Element’s Local Stiffness Based on Resistance Drilling Measurements

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Test Program

2.1 Materials

2.2 Test Setup

2.3 Experimental Results

3 Identification of Local Young’s Moduli

3.1 Identification of the Local Density: Resistance Drilling Measurements

3.2 Influence of the Slope of the Grain

3.3 Identification of the Local Young’s Moduli Along the Orthotropic Axes

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Inspection of Seismic Damage and Conservation Conditions in Modern School Buildings in Chile

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Methodology of Inspection and Research

3 Inspection Results

3.1 Structural and Constructive Characterization

3.2 Structural Damages and Faults

3.3 Observation of Physicochemical Damages

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Laboratory and In Situ Calibrations of New Flat Jack Method for Assessing Masonry Shear Characteristics

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Testing Technique

3 Laboratory and In Situ Calibrations

3.1 Calibration Techniques

3.2 Results of Laboratory Tests

4 Finite Elements Modelling

5 Data Processing

6 Practical Application and Recommendations

7 Conclusions

References

Investigation of the Shear-Sliding Behavior of Masonry Through Shove Test: Experimental and Numerical Studies

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Materials and Methods

3 Experimental Results

4 Numerical Model

4.1 Modeling Strategy

4.2 Calibration of the Model

4.3 Numerical Results

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

A Proposed Test to Evaluate Efflorescence Potential of Ceramic Blocks

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The Proposed Test Procedure

3 Procedure Assessment

4 Results

4.1 Results from Proposed Test

4.2 Results from ASTM C 67 Test

5 Observations and Recommendations

Acknowledgments

References

Structural Behaviour of Dry Stack Stone Corbelled Vaults Under Lateral Support Movement

Abstract

1 Introduction

1.1 Occurrence and Examples

1.2 Behaviour

1.3 Research on Corbelled Domes

2 Experimental Study

2.1 Test Setup and Instrumentation

2.2 Results

3 Static Analysis of the Arch

4 Key Observations and Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Influence of Geometry of Cylindrical Samples in the Mechanical Characterization of Existing Brickwork

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Experimental Program

2.1 Materials

2.2 Masonry Specimens

2.3 Testing Setup

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Failure Modes and Crack Patterns

3.2 Estimation of Compressive Strength and Young’s Modulus

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Estimation of Churches Frequencies Based on Simplified Geometry Parameters

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Geometrical Survey and Analysis of the Data

2.1 Typological Classification of the Churches

2.2 Relationship Between Geometrical Parameters

3 Numerical Simulation and Parametric Analysis

4 Proposed Formulations and Validation with Real Cases Studies

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Experimental Characterization of Mechanical Behaviour of Existing Tabique Walls Under Compressive and Shear Loading

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Context

3 Testing Specimens and Set-up

4 Experimental Results

4.1 Compression Tests

4.2 Shear-Compression Tests

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Estimation of Mortar Compressive Strength Based on Specimens Extracted from Masonry Bed Joints

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Methodology of Research

3 Tests Results

4 Numerical Analysis

4.1 Finite Element Model

4.2 Physical Models for Materials

4.3 Solution Procedure

5 Discussion of Results

6 Conclusions

References

A XVth Century Diamond Ashlar Façade: The Case Study of Palazzo Raimondi in Cremona

Abstract

1 Marble Diamond Ashlar Facings

2 Construction Phases and Building Restorations in Palazzo Raimondi

3 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

From Brick to Element: Investigating the Mechanical Properties of Calcium Silicate Masonry

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Materials and Methods

3 Compression Behavior of Masonry in Two Orthogonal Directions

4 Shear-Sliding Behavior of Unit-Joint Interface

5 Characterization of Masonry in Tension

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Seismic Behavior of Timber-Laced Masonry Structures in the Himalayan Belt

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Local Seismic Cultures and Their Forgotten Fates

2.1 Local Seismic Culture in the Indian Context

3 Studies on Timber-Framed and Timber-Laced Constructions

4 Taq Construction System

5 Multi-story Isolation Systems

5.1 Interpreting Taq Construction as a Multiple Isolation System

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Structural Characterization of Quarry Stone in Experimental Testing Using Digital Image Correlation as a Non-destructive Technique

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Basic Principles of Digital Image Correlation

3 Experimental Setup

3.1 Specimens and Materials Description

3.2 Compression Tests

4 Digital Image Correlation Setup

5 Results

5.1 Compression Tests Results

5.2 Digital Image Correlation Analysis

5.2.1 Load-Displacement Behavior of Pink Quarry Stone Samples

5.2.2 Graphic Results of DIC Analysis

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Mechanical Characterization of Masonry Typologies in Israel via Flat Jack Tests

Abstract

1 Foreword

2 History of Stone Masonry Construction in Israel

2.1 Typical Features Related to the Structural Type

2.2 Types of the Stones Used in Ancient Israeli Buildings

3 On-Site Investigations

4 Data Interpretation and Mechanical Feature Extraction

5 Conclusions

References

Experimental Characterization of Solid Clay Bricks: Correlations Among Mechanical Properties

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Materials and Methods

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Compressive Strength and Apparent Density

3.2 Bending and Compressive Strength

3.3 Bending and Splitting Strength

3.4 Pull-off and Compressive Strength

3.5 Pull-off and Bending Strength

3.6 Pull-off and Splitting Strength

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Internal Geometrical Characterization of Stone Masonry Walls Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Materials and Methods

3 Results and Discussion

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Study on Stone Cultural Heritage’s Structural Stability Management – with a Focus on Cheomseongdae

Abstract

1 Prologue

2 Historical Background

3 Scientific Analysis

3.1 Research on the Characteristics of Stone and Deterioration

3.2 Structural Stability Analysis

3.2.1 Ground Survey

3.2.2 Analysis of Ground Response to a Scenario Earthquake

3.2.3 Evaluation of Seismic Behavior Characteristics by Dynamic Centrifuge Test

4 9.12 (Gyeongju) Earthquake and Its Characteristics of Damage

5 Conclusions

References

The Application of Sonic Testing on Double-Leaf Historical Portuguese Masonry to Obtain Morphology and Mechanical Properties

Abstract

1 Problem Statement

2 Analysis Procedures

2.1 The Masonry Quality Index MQI

2.2 Sonic Testing

3 Testing Scheme on Portuguese Historical Wallets

3.1 The Wallets

3.2 Application of MQI Method

3.3 Application of Sonic Testing

3.3.1 Methodology

3.3.2 Sonic Apparatus

3.3.3 Results and Discussions

4 Conclusions

References

Inspection and Analysis of Ancient Monastery of “São Romão de Neiva”, Portugal

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The Ancient Monastery of São Romão de Neiva

2.1 Architectonical and Structural Description

3 Inspection and Diagnosis

3.1 Masonry Quality Index (MQI)

4 In Situ ND and MDT Test

4.1 Schmidt Hammer Tests

4.2 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

4.3 Sonic Tests

5 Laboratory Test

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Connections of Roof-Diaphragm to Perimeter Walls in Historic Masonry Buildings

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Stud Connection Securing Roof Diaphragms to the Masonry Walls

2.1 Technical Solution Improving the Stud Connection Capacity

2.2 Experimental Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Technical Improvement of the Connection

2.3 Assessment of the Connection Capacity

3 In-Situ Assessment of the Connection Capacity

4 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements

References

Experimental Characterization of the Deterioration of Masonry Materials Due to Wet and Dry and Salt Crystallization Cycles

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Materials and Testing Methods

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Wet and Dry and Salt Crystallization Tests

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Visual Assessment: Efflorescence Formation

3.1.1 Efflorescence in Prisms of Lime Mortar of 40 × 40 × 160 mm

3.1.2 Efflorescence in Masonry Specimens

3.2 Effects of Cycles: Mechanical Properties

3.2.1 Mortar

3.2.2 Stone

3.2.3 Masonry

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Façades of an Iconic Building in Sao Paulo, Brazil: Assessment for Restoration Design

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Objective

3 Case Study

4 Materials and Methods

5 Survey, Characterization, Test and Projects

5.1 Survey of the Pathological Manifestations – Damage Map

5.2 Reconstitution of Coating Mortar Mix Proportion

5.3 Determination of the Bond Tensile Strength

5.4 Surface Hardness Test or Sclerometry

5.5 Steel

6 Conclusion

References

Mechanical Characterization of Adobe Constructions Using Flat Jack Tests: Case Study of the Virgen de la Asunción de Sacsamarca Church

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Flat Jack Tests

3 The Church Virgen de la Asunción de Sacsamarca

3.1 Location of Tests

3.2 Single Flat Jack Test Procedure

3.3 Double Flat Jack Test Procedure

4 Results and Discussion

4.1 Single Flat Jack Test

4.2 Double Flat Jack Test

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

An Automatic Algorithm for the Execution and Elaboration of Sonic Pulse Velocity Tests in Direct and Tomographic Arrangements

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Test Procedure and Validation Specimens

3 Evaluation of the Human Factor

4 Structure and Definition of the Automatic Algorithm

4.1 Issues on Signals and Detection Methods

4.2 New Software Structure and Interface

4.3 New Implemented Approach

5 Procedure Validation

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Flexural Tests on Consolidation Effects on Stone

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Experimental Programme

2.1 Test Specimens and Arrangement

2.2 Treatment of Test Specimens

3 Test Results

3.1 Mechanical Characteristics

3.2 Consolidant Characteristics

4 Numerical Model and Results

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Timber Roof Structure Rehabilitation of Municipal Council and Jail Building

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Material Assessment Method

2.1 Pathological Survey

2.2 Timber Anatomical Identification

3 Structural Assessment

3.1 Pathological Survey

3.2 Timber Anatomical Identification

3.3 Restore Project of the Roof

4 Conclusions

References

A Novel Approach to the in situ Compression Testing of Stone Masonry Walls

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Test Set-Up

3 Test Campaign

3.1 Test Site

3.2 Instrumentation and Load Cycles

4 Results

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Quantitative Estimation Method for Rebar Corrosion Degree of RC Structures

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Outline of Proposed Technique

2.1 General of Proposed System

2.2 Electromagnetic Induction Heating

3 Thermal Characteristic at Concrete Surface Related with Rate of Corrosion

3.1 Experimental Outline

3.2 Thermal Characteristics

4 Prediction Model for Rate of Corrosion Rebar

4.1 General

4.2 Prediction Model

4.2.1 Temperature at Concrete Surface

4.2.2 Rate of Corrosion of Rebar

5 Applicability of Proposed Model

5.1 Laboratory Measurement

5.2 On-Site Measurement

6 Conclusions

References

Static and Dynamic Testing on a Brick Masonry Pavilion Vault of the San Francesco di Paola Convent, in Roccabernarda (KR), Italy

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The Case Study

3 Description of the Experimental Campaign

3.1 Phase 1 – Reconstruction of the Vault

3.2 Phase 2 – Static Load Tests

3.3 Phase 3 – Dynamic Tests

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Analysis and Monitoring Methodology of the Wooden Structure - Historic Military Architecture

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Case Study

3 Static and Strength Calculations

4 SHM Methodology

5 Conclusions

References

Restoration of Reinforced Lime Concrete Sunshades of a Century Old Heritage Building in New Delhi, India

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

2.1 Concrete Evaluation

2.2 Corrosion/Deterioration Assessment

2.3 Calibration and Classification

2.4 Load-Deflection Behaviour

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Concrete Evaluation

3.2 Corrosion/Deterioration Assessment

3.3 Service Level Load Test

3.3.1 Case A: No Delamination

3.3.2 Case B: With Delamination

4 Recommendations

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Mechanical Behaviour of Metal Anchors in Historic Brick Masonry: An Experimental Approach

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Theoretical Aspects of Resistance of Metal Connections to Tension Loads

2.1 Characteristic Strength for Adhesive Anchors

2.2 Characteristic Strength for Mechanical Anchors

3 Experimental Campaign

3.1 Material Characterization

3.2 Masonry Construction and Mechanical Characterization

3.3 Pull-Out Tests Applied to Walls

4 Results, Analyses and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Analyzing the Historical Earth Construction for Achieving Earthquake Safety

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Material and Production Technique Used in the Studies

2.1 Durability of the Material

2.2 Block Production

2.3 Ramming Technique

2.4 Shotcrete Technique

3 Earthquake Safety

4 Historical Earthen Architecture with Horizontal Layer

5 Earthen Architecture Revival

6 Conclusion

References

Numerical Modeling and Structural Analysis

Structural Assessment of Old Masonry Dams

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Typical Causes of Failure

2.1 Overturning Failure

2.2 Sliding Failure

2.3 Failure of Mexican Dams

3 Assessment Based on the Traditional Method

4 The Rigid Body Spring Model

5 Structural Assessment Using a RBSM

6 Conclusions

References

Finite Element Modeling of Cross-Wall Ties in Multi-wythe Walls

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Finite Element Analysis

2.1 The Model

2.2 Load and Material Cases

3 Results

3.1 Load Case (a) - Uniform Vertical Pressure of 2 MPa on the Loading Beam

3.2 Load Case (B) – Uniform Lateral Pressure of 2 MPa on One End of the Loading Beam

3.3 Load Case (C) – Uniform Out-of-Plane Displacement at the Mid-Height of the Masonry

3.4 Load Case (D) – Vertical Pressure on the Top of the Loading Beam, Increasing Linearly from 1.5 to 2.5 MPa Across the Masonry Width

3.5 Load Case (E) – Uniform Vertical Pressure on Masonry Where the Wythes Had Different Properties

4 Discussion

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Numerical Modeling of Crack Propagation in Masonry Structures

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Literature Review

2.1 Baptistery di San Giovanni

2.2 Brief Background on Numerical Methods

3 Methodology

4 Results and Discussion

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Numerical Modelling of Hypothetical Quincha Walls on Samaipata Rock

Abstract

1 Introduction

1.1 The Site and the Scope of Work

2 Interpretation of the Function of Vertical Wooden Poles

2.1 Basic Information on Precolonial Quincha Walls

2.2 Hypothesis Discussion

2.3 Primary Conclusions and the Scope of Subsequent Analyses

3 Numerical Modeling

3.1 Available Input Data, Material Characteristics and the Simulation Model

3.2 Discussion of the Results

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Simulation of Distinct Element Joint Stiffness of the Historical Masonry Structure Model by Micro-tremor Measurement

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Dynamic Properties of the Corbel Arch Model

2.1 Micro-tremor Measurements and Data Processing

2.2 Transfer Functions and a Mode Shape

3 DEM Analysis

3.1 Parameters of the Previous Static Simulation

3.2 Simulation of Transfer Functions with the Stiffness for Static Experiments

3.3 Joint Simulation of Stiffness by Static and Dynamic Experiments

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Numerical Analysis of Settlement-Induced Damage to a Masonry Church Nave Wall

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Site Investigation

3 Numerical Modeling

3.1 Pre-processing

3.2 Influence of the Settlement Application Mode

3.3 Influence of Settlement Profile Type

4 Remarks and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Influence of the Thickness of Vaults and Buttresses in the Structural Response of Mexican Colonial Temples

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Description of the Models

3 Numerical Modal Analyses

4 Inelastic Analysis Under Self-weight

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Simulation of Masonry Arch Bridges Using 3D Discrete Element Modeling

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Background

3 Discrete Element Modeling of Masonry Arch Structures

3.1 Bolton Institute Bridge

3.2 Donim Bridge

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Finite Element Modelling and Limit Analysis of Fastnet Lighthouse Under Impulsive Ocean Waves

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Fastnet Lighthouse

3 Limit Analysis

4 Numerical Analysis

4.1 Wave Impact

4.2 FE Models Description

4.3 FEM Results

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

19th Century Iron Dome Structures in the Vienna Hofburg. An Insight into the Simplified Structural Assessment of that Period and Its Evaluation Using Modern Engineering Software

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Historical Context

2.1 Project Conception

2.2 Project Realization

3 Aspects of Simplified Structural Modelling and Assessment

3.1 Basic Domains of Structural Modeling

3.2 2D-Approach According to Schwedler and Consequences

3.3 3D-Extensions by Föppl and Their Limitations for Hand Calculation

3.4 Verification Against Failure

4 Evaluation Using Modern Engineering Software

5 Conclusions

References

Finite Element Thrust Line Analysis (FETLA) Based Sensitivity Analysis of the Thrust Line of a Masonry Dome with Tension Rings

Abstract

1 Tension Rings in Masonry Domes

2 Motivation and Objective

3 FETLA for a Hemispherical Masonry Dome with Tension Strips

4 Case Study Structure and Its Modelling

5 FETLA-Based Sensitivity Analysis of the Strengthened Masonry Dome

6 Results and Discussion

7 Conclusions

References

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Historical Aseismic Construction System

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Casa Baraccata: Conception, Implementation and Frezza’s Modifications

3 Experimental Campaign

3.1 Preparation of the Specimen

3.2 Diagonal Compressive Test

4 Numerical Model

5 Conclusions

References

Tracking of Localized Cracks in the Finite Element Analysis of Masonry Walls

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Constitutive Model

3 Multi-directional Tracking Algorithm

4 Structural Application

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Structural Behaviour of Gopurams in South Indian Temples

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Purpose and Motivation

3 Structural Morphology and Material Characterization

3.1 Structural Morphology

3.2 Material Characterisation

4 Structural Analysis and Safety Assessment

4.1 Material Properties

4.2 Safety Assessment

4.2.1 Vertical Loads

4.2.2 Lateral Loads

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Assessment of the Structural Damage on the Former San Agustin Temple Using Numerical Modelling

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Description of the Structure

2.1 Architectural Aspects

2.2 Structural Configuration

3 Survey of the Structure

3.1 Visual Survey

3.2 Topographical Survey

3.3 Ambient Vibration Survey

4 Numerical Modelling

4.1 Finite Element Model

4.2 Results

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Three-Dimensional Numerical Modelling of Historical Masonry Structures Affected by Tunnelling-Induced Settlements

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Jointed Masonry Model

3 Soil-Structure Interaction Analysis

3.1 Modelling of Excavation

3.2 Masonry Wall Without Openings

3.3 Masonry Wall with Openings

3.3.1 Analysis Without Eccentricity

3.3.2 Analysis with Eccentricity

4 Conclusions

References

Analysis of the Dome of India’s Presidential Residence

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Procedure of Structural Assessment

2.1 Establishment of Actual Geometry of the Structure

2.2 Analysis of Constituent Materials

2.3 Development of a 3D Finite Element (FE) Model

3 Conclusions

References

Dynamic Behaviour Analysis of an English-Bond Masonry Prototype Using a Homogenized-Based Discrete FE Model

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Numerical Framework

3 Case Study

4 Macro-scale: The RBSM Model

5 Results: Dynamic Analysis

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

On the Stability Analysis of a Geometrically Complex Leaning Historic Structure

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Modelling of Geometrically Complex Historic Structures

2.1 Southwest Tower of the Caerphilly Castle

2.2 Automated Generation of the Finite Element Model

3 Stability Analysis Approach and Results

3.1 Constitutive Model for Masonry

3.2 Analyses Performed and Results

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Sri Kedarnath Temple in India

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Architecture of the Temple Structure

3 Methodology

4 Numerical Modeling

5 Analysis and Results

5.1 Modal Analysis

5.2 Mass-Based Pushover Analysis

5.3 Non-linear Dynamic Analysis

6 Conclusions

References

Simple Homogenized Numerical Model for the Analysis of Multi-leaf Masonry Walls

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Mesh Generating Tool

2.1 Description of the Mesh Generator

3 Homogenized Model

3.1 Founding Hypothesis

3.2 Upper Bound Limit Analysis Problem

3.3 Applications

4 Conclusions

References

Diagonal Compressive Tests on Double Wythe Brick Ancient Masonry Panels Unreinforced and Reinforced with Innovative Cement Based Materials: Advanced FE Simulations

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Experimental Campaign

3 Numerical Simulations

3.1 Material Properties

3.2 Numerical Analyses and Results

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Nonlinear Analysis of Masonry Walls Based on a Damage-Plastic Formulation

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Bouc-Wen Model with Damage

3 Force-Based Macroelement Formulation

4 Experimental Comparisons

5 Conclusions

References

Nonlinear Parametric Static Analysis of Rubble Stone Masonry Walls in Lisbon

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Brief Description of Experimental Tests

3 Numerical Modelling

4 Calibration of the Finite Element Model

5 Parametric Analysis

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Case Study: Assessment of the Load-Carrying Capacity of Multi-span Masonry Ancient Roman Arch Bridge Situated in “Campana”, Near L’Aquila City (IT)

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Geometric Features and Material Property

3 Assessment Methods

3.1 Limit Analysis Method

3.2 Finite Elements Method

3.3 Seismic Assessment

3.4 Load Cases

4 Results and Discussion

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Bearing Capacity of Masonry Walls in Churches by Means of a Probabilistic Assessment

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Deterministic “Conservative” Approach

2.1 Material and Geometric Description of the Wall Composition

2.2 Several Comments on Constitutive Nonlinear Modeling and FEM Strategy

2.3 Results of Conservative Estimation of Enclosure Wall Bearing Capacity

3 Probabilistic Approach

3.1 Motivation for the Stochastic Analysis

3.2 Modification of Characteristic Parameters for Stochastic Purpose

3.3 Results of Stochastic Estimation of Enclosure Wall Bearing Capacity

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Square Cross Vaults on Spreading Supports

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Elliptical Arch on Spreading Supports

2.1 Methodology

2.2 Minimum Thrust of Elliptical Arch

2.3 Displacement Capacity of Elliptical Arch

3 Square Cross Vault Undergoing Diagonal Settlement

3.1 Static and Kinematic Analyses of Square Cross Vault on Spreading Supports

3.2 Minimum Thrust of Square Cross Vault

3.3 Displacement Capacity of Square Cross Vault

4 Conclusions

References

Effects of Degrading Mechanisms on Masonry Dynamic Response

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Nonlocal Damage-Plastic Model for Masonry

3 Nonlinear Static Response

4 Experimental and Numerical Dynamic Response

4.1 Response to Harmonic Excitations

4.2 Response to Earthquake Excitations

5 Conclusive Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Structural Evaluation and Preliminary Analysis of the St. Jerome Hall of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Geometrical Survey and 3D Reconstruction

3 Structural and Foundation Assessment

3.1 Damage Visual Inspection

3.2 Nondestructive Testing and Material Properties Assessment

3.3 Operation Modal Analysis (OMA)

4 Numerical Modelling

4.1 Calibration of the FEM Using OMA Results

4.2 Preliminary Structural Static Analysis

5 Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Structural Assessment of Masonry Arches Using Admissible Geometrical Domains

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Assessing Geometrically the Structural Safety

2.1 Admissible Geometrical Domains

2.2 Safety Requirements

2.2.1 Stability

2.2.2 Robustness

3 Impact of Shape and Resistance on Safety Assessment

3.1 Influence of Stereotomy

3.2 Influence of Masonry Compressive Strength

3.3 Stability Assessment

4 Conclusion

References

Rotational Stiffness of Connections in a Historical Steel Railway Bridge

Abstract

1 Introduction

1.1 Classification of a Joint According to Eurocode

2 Case Study

2.1 Groups of Connections

2.2 Software Specifications

2.3 Materials and Loads

3 Results

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Lower Bound Limit Analysis of Masonry Vaults Under General Load Conditions

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Equilibrium Analysis of Masonry Vaults

3 Search of Statically Admissible Stress Field as an Optimization Problem

4 The Case of the Barrel Vault

5 Conclusions

References

Seismic Modelling of a Masonry Monument Including the Interaction of the Vaults, Longitudinal Walls and Soil

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The Cathedral of Modena

2.1 The Actual State of Conservation and the Main Vulnerabilities

3 The Global Structural Behaviour

4 DEM Analyses of a Transversal Cross Section

4.1 Defining Modelling Parameters

4.2 Analyses Results

5 Conclusions

References

Non-linear Modelling of a Geomesh-Reinforced Earthen Wall Subjected to Dynamic Loading

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Seismic Strengthening of Adobe Dwellings with Biaxial Geogrid (Project DAI 113.0225)

3 Calibration of Finite Element Model Parameters

3.1 Adobe

3.2 Geogrid Reinforcement

4 Finite Element Modelling of Geomesh-Reinforced Adobe Wall (GRAW) and Calibration

5 Seismic Response of Calibrated FE Model of GRAW

5.1 Seismic Performance of FE Model Subjected to Scaled Earthquake Signals

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Structural Analysis and Damage Assessment of a Historical Masonry Palace – A Case Study

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Banat Museum Timisoara

3 Numerical Analysis of the Historical Building

4 Conclusions

References

Vulnerability and Risk Analysis Regarding Natural and Man-made

Seismic Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of Historic Constructions: The Case of Masonry and Adobe Churches in Italy and Chile

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 LV0. Qualitative Tools for the Seismic Vulnerability and Hazard Assessment as Causes of Decay

3 LV1. Simplified Assessment for the Church Typology

4 Application to the Churches in Italy and Chile

4.1 Church of Sant’Agostino, Matera, Italy

4.2 Church of San Francisco Barón, Valparaíso, Chile (Condition Before the 2010 Earthquake)

4.3 Church of San Francisco de Chiu Chiu, Calama, Chile (Condition Before the 2005 Earthquake)

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Investigating Exposure in Historical Scenarios: How People Behave in Fires, Earthquakes and Floods

Abstract

1 General Instructions

2 Methods for Behavioral Analysis Organization

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Common Emergency Evacuation Behaviors

3.2 “Peculiar” Emergency Evacuation Behaviors

4 Conclusions

References

Flooding Pedestrians’ Evacuation in Historical Urban Scenario: A Tool for Risk Assessment Including Human Behaviors

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Phases and Methods

2.1 Simulation Model Structure

2.2 Case-Study Application for Tool Capability Demonstration

3 Results

3.1 Simulation Model

3.2 Application to the Case Study

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Sacral Buildings in Slovenia – Seismic Risk Assessment Through Simplified Methodologies

Abstract

1 General Instructions

2 Simplified Methodologies for the Seismic Risk Assessment

2.1 Simplified Indexes for Sacral Buildings

2.2 Macroseismic Method RISK-UE, 1st Level

2.3 Macroseismic Method RISK-UE, 2nd Level

3 Results of Analysis

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Unreinforced Masonry Churches in Central Chile

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The Religious Architectural Heritage in the Central Region of Chile

2.1 The European Influences

2.2 Geometrical, Constructive, and Structural Features

3 Geometrical Indexes

4 Probabilistic Analysis of the Seismic Vulnerability

5 Conclusions

References

Seismic Assessment of the Palace of Priors in Perugia

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Assessment Method

2.1 LV1 (Territorial Level Analysis)

2.2 LV2 (Local Level Analysis)

2.3 LV3 (Global Level Analysis)

3 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Seismic Vulnerability Scenarios for Timisoara, Romania

Abstract

1 Seismicity of Romania

2 The Case Study Site

2.1 Timisoara City

2.2 Fabric Zone

3 Seismic Vulnerability of Selected Buildings

3.1 Short Description of the Buildings

3.2 Seismic Vulnerability Index by Empirical Method

3.3 Seismic Vulnerability Index by Mechanical Method

3.4 Comparison Between Seismic Vulnerability Methodologies Results

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Bartolomeo Ammannati’s Fountain: Comparisons Between Different Numerical Models

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Cerere (Venus), the Protagonist of Juno Fountain

2.1 Geometric Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Venus

3 Dynamic Analyses

3.1 Modal Analysis

3.2 The Seismic Input

3.3 Results from Time-History Analyses

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Assessment of the Seismic Vulnerability of an Unreinforced Masonry Structure Based on Discrete-Macro Dynamic Analyses

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Discrete-Macro Modelling Approach

2.1 Calibration Procedure of the Nonlinear Links

3 Brick Masonry Prototype

4 Seismic Vulnerability

4.1 Capacity Dominium

4.2 Fragility Curves

5 Final Considerations

Acknowledgments

References

Vulnerability Assessment of Monumental Masonry Structures Including Uncertainty

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Methodology for the Seismic Assessment of Monumental Structures

2.1 Numerical Model

2.2 Uncertainty of the Material Parameters

2.3 Methodology for Uncertainty Analysis

2.3.1 Uncertainty Analysis

2.3.2 Seismic Demand

3 Results

3.1 Capacity Curves

3.2 Seismic Fragility

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Seismic Vulnerability of Old Italian Railway Stations

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Typological Classification of “Standard” Railway Stations

3 Logic Tree for the Assessment of Seismic Vulnerability of the Prototype Stations

4 Derivation of Fragility Curves for the Selected Stations’ Typologies

4.1 Assessment of the Global Response

4.2 Assessment of Out-of-Plane Local Failure Mechanisms

4.3 Fragility Curves

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Defining Behavioral Pattern for Historical Buildings in Izmir, Turkey

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Seismic Setting and Characteristic of the City

3 Historical Building Profile in Izmir

4 Rapid Visual Inspection for Historical Buildings in Izmir

4.1 Base Score Investigation

4.2 Critical Benchmark Score

5 Conclusions

References

An Interdisciplinary Approach for the Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Historic Masonry Buildings: The Case Study of the Ex Jesuits College in Amantea (Italy)

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Structural Instabilities and Masonry Characterization

3 The Vertical Flexural Mechanism

3.1 Triggering Factors and Theoretical Hypotheses of the Methodology Used

3.2 Search for the Position of the Hinge Inside the Out-of-Plane Mechanism

4 Kinematic Linear Analysis on the Unreinforced System

5 The Influence of the Strengthening on the Displacement Capacity

5.1 Kinematic Analysis on the Reinforced System Through Classical and Innovative Techniques

5.2 Comparison Between Analytical Results and Numerical Treatment by 3Muri ML

6 Conclusions

References

An Extensive Survey of the Historic Center of Cusco for Its Seismic Vulnerability Assessment

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Seismic Vulnerability Assessment at Urban Scale

3 Historical Evolution of the Historic Center

4 Historic Center Survey

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Preliminary Analysis on the Effects of 2016 Central Italy Earthquake on One-Nave Churches

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The Investigated Churches

2.1 General

2.2 Geographical Distribution

2.3 Historical and Typological Characterization of the Stock

3 The Observed Damage Scenario

4 Observed Damage Probability Matrices

5 Comparison with Predictive Models

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Simplified Assessment of the Seismic Vulnerability of Churches After the 2009 L’Aquila Earthquake

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The Investigated Churches Belonging to Sulmona-Valva and L’Aquila Dioceses

2.1 Damage Assessment

2.2 Vulnerability Assessment

3 Fragility Curves

4 Conclusions

References

Seismic Analysis and RetroFIt

Numerical Seismic Response and Failure Modes of Old URM Walls Under Lateral Loading

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Used Material Model

3 Numerical Seismic Assessment of Old URM Walls

4 Conclusions

References

Nonlinear FE Analysis of the Response to Lateral Accelerations of the Triumphal Arch of the Church of Andahuaylillas, Peru

Abstract

1 Introduction and Objectives

2 Analysis Procedure

3 Material Characterization

4 Models

5 Results

6 Discussion and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Seismic Retrofit of a Historical Building Using Cored and Internal Grouted Reinforcing

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Structural System

3 Available As-Built Information

4 Design Criteria

5 Conceptual Retrofit Schemes

6 Analysis and Design of the Retrofit

7 Coring and Compatible Injection Fill

8 Quality Control

9 Conclusions

References

A Methodology to Account for Crushing Effects During Out-of-Plane Collapse of Masonry

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

2.1 Determination of Geometric Parameters

2.2 Generation of the Equation of Motion

2.3 Derivation of af(?) for the 3 Hinges

3 Evaluation of the Effects of Interface Properties and Overburden Force on Stability

3.1 Moment-Rotation Curves

3.2 Free-Rocking Response

3.3 Full Time-History Analyses

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Macro-modeling of Adobe Piers for Seismic Analysis of Adobe Dwellings in Cuenca, Ecuador

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Case Study

3 Pushover Analyses

3.1 Simplified Model Using an Equivalent Frame Method

3.2 Experimental Campaign

3.3 First Mode and Vibration Period of the Building

3.4 Non-linear Static Analysis

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Seismic Behaviour of a Historic Five-Tiered Pagoda in Nepal

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Description of the Kumbeshwar Temple

2.1 Description of the Structure

2.2 Collapse Mechanisms and Damage Observed After the Earthquakes in 2015

3 Previously Conducted Experiments

3.1 Dynamic Identification Test

3.2 Material Tests

4 Limit Analysis

5 Numerical Simulations

5.1 Description of the FEM Model

5.2 Eigenvalue Comparison

5.3 Pushover Analysis

5.4 Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Seismic Assessment of the Matera Cathedral

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Cathedral of Matera

3 Operational Modal Analysis

4 Numerical Model and Calibration

4.1 Model Definition

4.2 Calibration of the Model

4.3 Updated Model

5 Seismic Assessment

5.1 Definition of Nonlinear Properties

5.2 Variables Considered

5.3 Results of the Analysis

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Seismic Demand on Historical Constructions During the 2016–2017 Central Italy Earthquake Sequence

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Conventional Linear-Elastic Damped Spectra of Horizontal Components

3 Absolute Input Energy Spectra

4 Two-Sided Rocking Spectra

5 Conclusions

References

Distinct Element Modelling of the Out-of-Plane Seismic Behaviour of Masonry Walls

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Shake Table Test

3 Numerical Modeling

3.1 Geometry

3.2 Mechanical Characterization

3.3 Boundary Conditions, Dynamic Input and Damping

4 Results and Comparisons

4.1 Time Histories of Relative Displacement

4.2 Deflection Profiles

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Experimental Seismic Response of a Half-Scale Stone Masonry Building Aggregate: Effects of Retrofit Strategies

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Description of the Prototype

2.1 Geometry of the Prototype and Characteristics of the Double-Leaf Stone Masonry

2.2 Timber Floors and Roofs

2.3 Retrofit Interventions

3 Shaking Table Tests

3.1 Dynamic Testing Protocol and Instrumentation

4 Test Results

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Evaluation of the Seismic Performance of a Dwelling of Confined Masonry Walls

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Engineering Based on Performance: State of the Art

3 Housing of Confined Masonry Walls

4 Structural Modeling and Design Verification to the Shear

5 Evaluation of Seismic Performance

5.1 Non-linear Static Analysis

5.2 Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA)

5.3 Fragility Curves of Collapse

6 Conclusions

References

Structural Characterization for the Seismic Protection of Heritage Churches

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Case Studies

2.1 Dealing with Irregularities

2.2 Assessing Structural Modifications

2.3 Managing Complexity

3 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Survey, Assessment and Conservation of Post-industrial Cultural Heritage: The Case of the Thin Concrete Vault in Casale, Italy

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The “Paraboloide” of Casale (Italy)

2.1 Constructive Typology and Material Analysis

3 The Laser Survey

3.1 The Model 3d Texturing and Surface Deterioration Analysis

4 Numerical Modeling

5 Criteria for Interventions

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Structural Analysis and Evaluation of the Historic Haydarpasa Railway Station

Abstract

1 A Brief History of Haydarpasa Railway Station

2 Site Investigations

2.1 Description of the Structural System

2.2 3D GPR Investigations

2.3 Deteriorations and Weaknesses in the Structural System

3 Preliminary Structural Analysis of the Station Building

3.1 Modelling of the Structure

3.2 Material Parameters

3.3 Analysis of the Structure Under Vertical and Earthquake Loads

4 Suggested Repair Methods

5 Conclusions

References

Seismic Stability Analysis of Historical Construction: A Case Study - Wazirpur Tomb

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Geometry of Structure

3 Mechanical Properties of Material

4 Finite Element Model

5 Concluding Remark

Acknowledgments

References

The Washington Monument - Post-earthquake Damage Inventory, Repair, and Seismic Vulnerability Assessment

Abstract

1 Abbreviated History

2 Construction

2.1 Foundation and Shaft

2.2 Pyramidion

2.3 Earthquake Damage Assessment and Damage Inventory

3 Shaking Intensity During Mineral

4 Analytical Model Development

5 Nonlinear Modal Time History

6 Seismological Studies

7 Seismic Vulnerability Results, Recommendations and Conclusions

References

On Site Surveying of a Historical Structure for Numerical Models Development and Seismic Retrofitting Design

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 General Considerations

3 The Case Study - Aggregate “Mastro Giulio”

4 Conclusions

Seismic Retrofit and Historic Preservation of a San Francisco Banking Temple

Abstract

1 Background

2 Building Description

3 Investigation

4 Analyses

4.1 Overview

4.2 Walls and Rocking Piers

4.3 Diaphragm Strengthening

5 Conclusions

References

La Sagrada Familia: Approaches to Seismic Analysis

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The Sagrada Familia

2.1 Project History

2.2 Building Structure

3 Seismic Analysis and Design

3.1 Design Basis

3.2 Measurement of Dynamic Properties

3.3 Analysis

3.3.1 Input

3.3.2 Output

4 Conclusions and Future Applications

References

Seismic Assessment of the Church of San Sebastian in Cusco, Peru by Means of Pushover Nonlinear Analysis

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Description of the Case Study

2.1 Architectural and Structural Description

2.2 Structural Diagnosis

2.2.1 Visual Inspection

2.2.2 NDT Inspection Using IR Thermography

3 Seismic Vulnerability Assessment

3.1 Model Description

3.2 Pushover Analysis

4 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

The Response of Masonry Barrel Vaults to Repetitive Static and Dynamic Loads and Example of Rehabilitation of Historic Barrel Vaults

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Experimental Research into the Effect of Dynamic Response on Segmental Barrel Vault Stiffness

3 Discussion of Experimental Results

4 Rehabilitation of Historic Vaults of the Premonstrate Monastery in Seismic Area

4.1 Reinforcement of Damaged Cloister Vaults

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References